the political agitation which for a year and a half had shaken england to its centre, received, if possible, an increase to its intensity and virulence, when it was known, in the early part of the month of may, 1832, that the prime minister had tendered his resignation to the king, which resignation had been graciously accepted.

the amendment carried by the opposition in the house of lords on the evening of the 7th of may, that the enfranchising clauses of the reform bill should be considered before entering into the question of disfranchisement, was the immediate cause of this startling event. the lords had previously consented to the second reading of the bill with the view of preventing that large increase of their numbers with which they had been long menaced; rather, indeed, by mysterious rumours than by any official declaration; but, nevertheless, in a manner which had carried conviction to no inconsiderable portion of the opposition that the threat was not without foundation.

during the progress of the bill through the lower house, the journals which were looked upon as the organs of the ministry had announced with unhesitating confidence, that lord grey was armed with what was then called a ‘carte blanche’ to create any number of peers necessary to insure its success. but public journalists who were under the control of the ministry, and whose statements were never contradicted, were not the sole authorities for this prevailing belief. members of the house of commons, who were strong supporters of the cabinet, though not connected with it by any official tie, had unequivocally stated in their places that the sovereign had not resisted the advice of his counsellors to create peers, if such creation were required to carry into effect what was then styled ‘the great national measure.’ in more than one instance, ministers had been warned, that if they did not exercise that power with prompt energy, they might deserve impeachment. and these intimations and announcements had been made in the presence of leading members of the government, and had received from them, at least, the sanction of their silence.

it did not subsequently appear that the reform ministers had been invested with any such power; but a conviction of the reverse, fostered by these circumstances, had successfully acted upon the nervous temperament, or the statesman-like prudence, of a certain section of the peers, who consequently hesitated in their course; were known as being no longer inclined to pursue their policy of the preceding session; had thus obtained a title at that moment in everybody’s mouth, the title of ‘the waverers.’

notwithstanding, therefore, the opposition of the duke of wellington and of lord lyndhurst, the waverers carried the second reading of the reform bill; and then, scared at the consequences of their own headstrong timidity, they went in a fright to the duke and his able adviser to extricate them from the inevitable result of their own conduct. the ultimate device of these distracted counsels, where daring and poltroonery, principle and expediency, public spirit and private intrigue, each threw an ingredient into the turbulent spell, was the celebrated and successful amendment to which we have referred.

but the whig ministers, who, whatever may have been their faults, were at least men of intellect and courage, were not to be beaten by ‘the waverers.’ they might have made terms with an audacious foe; they trampled on a hesitating opponent. lord grey hastened to the palace.

before the result of this appeal to the sovereign was known, for its effects were not immediate, on the second morning after the vote in the house of lords, mr. rigby had made that visit to eton which had summoned very unexpectedly the youthful coningsby to london. he was the orphan child of the youngest of the two sons of the marquess of monmouth. it was a family famous for its hatreds. the eldest son hated his father; and, it was said, in spite had married a lady to whom that father was attached, and with whom lord monmouth then meditated a second alliance. this eldest son lived at naples, and had several children, but maintained no connection either with his parent or his native country. on the other hand, lord monmouth hated his younger son, who had married, against his consent, a woman to whom that son was devoted. a system of domestic persecution, sustained by the hand of a master, had eventually broken up the health of its victim, who died of a fever in a foreign country, where he had sought some refuge from his creditors.

his widow returned to england with her child; and, not having a relation, and scarcely an acquaintance in the world, made an appeal to her husband’s father, the wealthiest noble in england and a man who was often prodigal, and occasionally generous. after some time, and more trouble, after urgent and repeated, and what would have seemed heart-rending, solicitations, the attorney of lord monmouth called upon the widow of his client’s son, and informed her of his lordship’s decision. provided she gave up her child, and permanently resided in one of the remotest counties, he was authorised to make her, in four quarterly payments, the yearly allowance of three hundred pounds, that being the income that lord monmouth, who was the shrewdest accountant in the country, had calculated a lone woman might very decently exist upon in a small market town in the county of westmoreland.

desperate necessity, the sense of her own forlornness, the utter impossibility to struggle with an omnipotent foe, who, her husband had taught her, was above all scruples, prejudices, and fears, and who, though he respected law, despised opinion, made the victim yield. but her sufferings were not long; the separation from her child, the bleak clime, the strange faces around her, sharp memory, and the dull routine of an unimpassioned life, all combined to wear out a constitution originally frail, and since shattered by many sorrows. mrs. coningsby died the same day that her father-in-law was made a marquess. he deserved his honours. the four votes he had inherited in the house of commons had been increased, by his intense volition and unsparing means, to ten; and the very day he was raised to his marquisate, he commenced sapping fresh corporations, and was working for the strawberry leaf. his honours were proclaimed in the london gazette, and her decease was not even noticed in the county chronicle; but the altars of nemesis are beneath every outraged roof, and the death of this unhappy lady, apparently without an earthly friend or an earthly hope, desolate and deserted, and dying in obscure poverty, was not forgotten.

coningsby was not more than nine years of age when he lost his last parent; and he had then been separated from her for nearly three years. but he remembered the sweetness of his nursery days. his mother, too, had written to him frequently since he quitted her, and her fond expressions had cherished the tenderness of his heart. he wept bitterly when his schoolmaster broke to him the news of his mother’s death. true it was they had been long parted, and their prospect of again meeting was vague and dim; but his mother seemed to him his only link to human society. it was something to have a mother, even if he never saw her. other boys went to see their mothers! he, at least, could talk of his. now he was alone. his grandfather was to him only a name. lord monmouth resided almost constantly abroad, and during his rare visits to england had found no time or inclination to see the orphan, with whom he felt no sympathy. even the death of the boy’s mother, and the consequent arrangements, were notified to his master by a stranger. the letter which brought the sad intelligence was from mr. rigby. it was the first time that name had been known to coningsby.

mr. rigby was member for one of lord monmouth’s boroughs. he was the manager of lord monmouth’s parliamentary influence, and the auditor of his vast estates. he was more; he was lord monmouth’s companion when in england, his correspondent when abroad; hardly his counsellor, for lord monmouth never required advice; but mr. rigby could instruct him in matters of detail, which mr. rigby made amusing. rigby was not a professional man; indeed, his origin, education, early pursuits, and studies, were equally obscure; but he had contrived in good time to squeeze himself into parliament, by means which no one could ever comprehend, and then set up to be a perfect man of business. the world took him at his word, for he was bold, acute, and voluble; with no thought, but a good deal of desultory information; and though destitute of all imagination and noble sentiment, was blessed with a vigorous, mendacious fancy, fruitful in small expedients, and never happier than when devising shifts for great men’s scrapes.

they say that all of us have one chance in this life, and so it was with rigby. after a struggle of many years, after a long series of the usual alternatives of small successes and small failures, after a few cleverish speeches and a good many cleverish pamphlets, with a considerable reputation, indeed, for pasquinades, most of which he never wrote, and articles in reviews to which it was whispered he had contributed, rigby, who had already intrigued himself into a subordinate office, met with lord monmouth.

he was just the animal that lord monmouth wanted, for lord monmouth always looked upon human nature with the callous eye of a jockey. he surveyed rigby; and he determined to buy him. he bought him; with his clear head, his indefatigable industry, his audacious tongue, and his ready and unscrupulous pen; with all his dates, all his lampoons; all his private memoirs, and all his political intrigues. it was a good purchase. rigby became a great personage, and lord monmouth’s man.

mr. rigby, who liked to be doing a great many things at the same time, and to astonish the tadpoles and tapers with his energetic versatility, determined to superintend the education of coningsby. it was a relation which identified him with the noble house of his pupil, or, properly speaking, his charge: for mr. rigby affected rather the graceful dignity of the governor than the duties of a tutor. the boy was recalled from his homely, rural school, where he had been well grounded by a hard-working curate, and affectionately tended by the curate’s unsophisticated wife. he was sent to a fashionable school preparatory to eton, where he found about two hundred youths of noble families and connections, lodged in a magnificent villa, that had once been the retreat of a minister, superintended by a sycophantic doctor of divinity, already well beneficed, and not despairing of a bishopric by favouring the children of the great nobles. the doctor’s lady, clothed in cashmeres, sometimes inquired after their health, and occasionally received a report as to their linen.

mr. rigby had a classical retreat, not distant from this establishment, which he esteemed a tusculum. there, surrounded by his busts and books, he wrote his lampoons and articles; massacred a she liberal (it was thought that no one could lash a woman like rigby), cut up a rising genius whose politics were different from his own, or scarified some unhappy wretch who had brought his claims before parliament, proving, by garbled extracts from official correspondence that no one could refer to, that the malcontent instead of being a victim, was, on the contrary, a defaulter. tadpole and taper would back rigby for a ‘slashing reply’ against the field. here, too, at the end of a busy week, he found it occasionally convenient to entertain a clever friend or two of equivocal reputation, with whom he had become acquainted in former days of equal brotherhood. no one was more faithful to his early friends than mr. rigby, particularly if they could write a squib.

it was in this refined retirement that mr. rigby found time enough, snatched from the toils of official life and parliamentary struggles, to compose a letter on the study of history, addressed to coningsby. the style was as much like that of lord bolingbroke as if it had been written by the authors of the ‘rejected addresses,’ and it began, ‘my dear young friend.’ this polished composition, so full of good feeling and comprehensive views, and all in the best taste, was not published. it was only privately printed, and a few thousand copies were distributed among select personages as an especial favour and mark of high consideration. each copy given away seemed to rigby like a certificate of character; a property which, like all men of dubious repute, he thoroughly appreciated. rigby intrigued very much that the headmaster of eton should adopt his discourse as a class-book. for this purpose he dined with the doctor, told him several anecdotes of the king, which intimated personal influence at windsor; but the headmaster was inflexible, and so mr. rigby was obliged to be content with having his letter on history canonized as a classic in the preparatory seminary, where the individual to whom it was addressed was a scholar.

this change in the life of coningsby contributed to his happiness. the various characters which a large school exhibited interested a young mind whose active energies were beginning to stir. his previous acquirements made his studies light; and he was fond of sports, in which he was qualified to excel. he did not particularly like mr. rigby. there was something jarring and grating in that gentleman’s voice and modes, from which the chords of the young heart shrank. he was not tender, though perhaps he wished to be; scarcely kind: but he was good-natured, at least to children. however, this connection was, on the whole, an agreeable one for coningsby. he seemed suddenly to have friends: he never passed his holydays again at school. mr. rigby was so clever that he contrived always to quarter coningsby on the father of one of his school-fellows, for mr. rigby knew all his school-fellows and all their fathers. mr. rigby also called to see him, not unfrequently would give him a dinner at the star and garter, or even have him up to town for a week to whitehall. compared with his former forlorn existence, these were happy days, when he was placed under the gallery as a member’s son, or went to the play with the butler!

when coningsby had attained his twelfth year, an order was received from lord monmouth, who was at rome, that he should go at once to eton. this was the first great epoch of his life. there never was a youth who entered into that wonderful little world with more eager zest than coningsby. nor was it marvellous.

that delicious plain, studded with every creation of graceful culture; hamlet and hall and grange; garden and grove and park; that castle-palace, grey with glorious ages; those antique spires, hoar with faith and wisdom, the chapel and the college; that river winding through the shady meads; the sunny glade and the solemn avenue; the room in the dame’s house where we first order our own breakfast and first feel we are free; the stirring multitude, the energetic groups, the individual mind that leads, conquers, controls; the emulation and the affection; the noble strife and the tender sentiment; the daring exploit and the dashing scrape; the passion that pervades our life, and breathes in everything, from the aspiring study to the inspiring sport: oh! what hereafter can spur the brain and touch the heart like this; can give us a world so deeply and variously interesting; a life so full of quick and bright excitement, passed in a scene so fair?