the land of the “lex talionis.”

during the quarter of a century preceding the annexation of new mexico to the united states, that distant province of the mexican republic, like all the rest of the country, was the scene of constantly recurring revolutions. every discontented captain, colonel, or general who chanced to be in command of a district, there held sway as a dictator; so demeaning himself that martial and military rule had become established as the living law of the land. the civic authorities rarely possessed more than the semblance of power; and where they did it was wielded in the most flagitious manner. arbitrary arts were constantly committed, under the pretext of patriotism or duty. no man’s life was safe who fell under the displeasure of the ruling military chieftain; and woman’s honour was held in equally slight respect.

in the northern frontier provinces of the republic this irresponsible power of the soldiery was peculiarly despotic and harassing. there, two causes contributed to establish and keep it in the ascendency. one of these was the revolutionary condition of the country, which, as elsewhere, had become chronic. the contest between the party of the priests and that of the true patriots, begun in the first days of mexico’s independence, has been continued ever since; now one, now the other, in the ascendant. the monstrous usurpation of maximilian, supported by napoleon the third, and backed by a soldier whom all mexicans term the “bandit bazaine,” was solely due to the hierarchy; while mexico owes its existing republican government to the patriot party—happily, for the time, triumphant.

the province of new mexico, notwithstanding its remoteness from the nation’s capital, was always affected by, and followed, its political fortunes. when the parti prêtre was in power at the capital, its adherents became the rulers in the distant states for the time being; and when the patriots, or liberals, gained the upper hand this rôle was reversed.

it is but just to say that, whenever the latter were the “ins,” things for the time went well. corruption, though not cured, was to some extent checked; and good government would begin to extend itself over the land. but such could only last for a brief period. the monarchical, dictatorial, or imperial party—by whatever name it may be known—was always the party of the church; and this, owning three-fourths of the real estate, both in town and country, backed by ancient ecclesiastical privileges, and armed with another powerful engine—the gross superstition it had been instrumental in fostering—was always able to control events; so that no government, not despotic, could stand against it for any great length of time. for all, freedom at intervals triumphed, and the priests became the “outs;” but ever potent, and always active, they would soon get up a new “grito” to bring about a revolutionary change in the government. sanguinary scenes would be enacted—hangings, shooting, garrottings—all the horrors of civil war that accompany the bitterest of all spite, the ecclesiastical.

in such an uncertain state of things it was but natural that the militarios should feel themselves masters of the situation, and act accordingly.

in the northern districts they had yet another pretext for their unrestrained exercise of power—in none more than new mexico. this remote province, lying like an oasis in the midst of uninhabited wilds, was surrounded on all sides by tribes of hostile indians. there were the navajoes and apaches on its west, the comanche and other apache bands on the south and east, the utahs on its north, and various smaller tribes distributed around it. they were all more or less hostile at one time or another: now on terms of an intermittent peace, secured by a “palaver” and treaty; this anon to be broken by some act of bad faith, leaving their “braves” at liberty once more to betake themselves to the war-path.

of course this condition of things gave the soldiery a fine opportunity to maintain their ascendency over the peaceful citizens. rabble as these soldiers were, and poltroons as they generally proved themselves in every encounter with the indians, they were accustomed to boast of being the country’s protectors, for this “protection” assumed a sort of right to despoil it at their pleasure.

some few years preceding the american-mexican war—which, as well known, gave new mexico to the united states—these belligerent swaggerers were in the zenith of their arbitrary rule. their special pet and protector, santa anna, was in for a new spell of power, making him absolute dictator of mexico and disposer of the destinies of its people. at the same time, one of his most servile tools and successful imitators was at the head of the provincial government, having santa fé for its capital. this man was manuel armijo, whose character may be ascertained, by those curious to study it, from reading the chronicles of the times, especially the records of the prairie merchants, known as the “santa fé traders.” it will there be learnt that this provincial despot was guilty of every act that could disgrace humanity; and that not only did he oppress his fellow-citizens with the soldiery placed at his disposal to protect them from indian enemies, but was actually in secret league with the savages themselves to aid him in his mulcts and murders! whatever his eye coveted he was sure to obtain, by fair means or foul—by open pillage or secret theft—not unfrequently accompanied by assassination. and as with the despot himself, so with his subordinates—each in his own town or district wielding irresponsible power; all leading lives in imitation of the provincial chieftain, as he of him—the great prototype and patron of all—who held dictatorial sway in the capital of the country, don antonio lopez de santa anna.

a knowledge of this abnormal and changeable condition of mexican affairs will, in some measure, explain why colonel miranda so suddenly ceased to be commandant of albuquerque. santa anna’s new accession to power brought in the padres, turning out the patriotas, many of the latter suffering death for their patriotism, while the adherents of the former received promotion for their support.

staunchest among these was the captain of lancers, gil uraga, promoted to be colonel as also commandant of the district from which its deposed chief so narrowly escaped with his life.

and now this revolutionary usurper is in full authority, his acts imitating his master, armijo, like him in secret league with the savages, even consorting with the red pirates of the plains, taking part in their murderous marauds, and sharing their plunder.