on my way to the karroo i had to pass through somerset east, and it so fell out that i fell in with a countryman from edinburgh, who chanced to be going to somerset in the same “passenger-cart” with myself. his name must have been a novelty once, though much of its freshness is worn off now—it was brown.

our cart had a hood; the roads were very bad, and the behaviour of that hood was stupendous! its attachment to the cart was, so to speak, partial; therefore it possessed a semi-independent motion which was perplexing. you could not count on its actions. a sudden lurch of the cart to right or left did, of course, carry the hood with it, and, counting on that, you laid your sudden plans to avoid collision; but the elasticity of the hood enabled it to give you a slap on the face before obeying its proper impulse. so, too, it would come down on your head unexpectedly, or, without the slightest provocation, would hit you on the neck behind. i learned with painful certainty in that cart that i had a “small” to my back! it seemed to me that it grew large before the journey was over.

brown was an intelligent man,—not an unusual state of things with the “browns.” he had two pretty daughters with him, aged eight and twelve respectively. we got on well together, and crossed the zuurberg range in company on the last day of the year.

it was over passes in this range that the settlers of 1820 went in long trains of cape wagons, with wives and little ones, and household goods, and civilised implements of husbandry, and weapons of defence, with high hopes and strong courage, and with their “lives in their hands,” to subdue the wilderness. it was from these heights that they looked over the beautiful and bush-clad plains of “albany,” which lay before them as the lot of their inheritance.

the breaking up and scattering of the various “parties” was most eloquently and graphically told by the reverend h.h. dugmore in a lecture delivered at grahamstown, on the occasion of the “british settlers’ jubilee,” in may 1870—fifty years after the arrival of the “fathers.” (see note 1.) i quote one passage, which gives a good idea of the manner in which the land was taken up.

“and now the sunday’s river is crossed, and the terrible old ado hill is climbed, and quaggas flat is passed, and the bushman’s river heights are scaled. the points of divergence are reached, and the long column breaks into divisions. baillie’s party made their way to the mouth of the fish river, where, it was said, the ‘head’ had been allowed to choose a territory, and where he hoped to realise imaginations of commercial wealth by founding a seaport town. and the duke of newcastle’s protégés from nottingham took possession of the beautiful vale of clumber, naming it in honour of their noble patron. and wilson’s party settled between the plains of waay-plaats and the kowie bush, right across the path of the elephants, some of which they tried to shoot with fowling-pieces. and sefton’s party founded the village of salem, the religious importance of which to the early progress of the settlement, is not to be estimated by its present size and population. these four were the large parties. the smaller ones filled up the intervening spaces between them. behind the thicket-clad sandhills of the kowie and green fountain, and extending over the low plains beyond bathurst, were the locations of cock’s, thornhill’s, ostler’s, smith’s, and richardson’s parties. skirting the wooded kloofs from bathurst towards the banks of the klienemonden, were ranged the parties of james and hyman. it was the latter who gravely announced to captain trapps, the bathurst magistrate, the discovery of ‘precious stones’ on his location; and which the angry gentleman, jealous of the reserved rights of government, found, on further inquiry, were only ‘precious big ones!’ the rich valley of lushington afforded a resting-place to dyason’s party. holder’s people called their location new bristol; which never, however, acquired any resemblance to old bristol. passing on towards the front, there were mouncey’s party, hayhurst’s party, bradshaw’s party, southey’s party, stretching along the edge of the wide plains of the round hill, and drinking their western waters. the post of honour and of danger was the line of the kap river. this was occupied by the party of scott below kafir drift, and by the irish party above it. the forlorn hope of the entire settlement was mahony’s party at the clay pits, who had to bear the first brunt of every kafir depredation in the lower albany direction. names thicken as we proceed from waay-plaats towards grahamstown. passing greathead’s location, we come among the men of dalgairns at blauw krantz. then those of liversage about manly’s flats. john stanley, ‘head of all parties,’ as he styled himself, belonged to the same neighbourhood. turvey’s party were in grobblaar’s kloof; william smith’s at stony vale, dr clarke’s at collingham. howard’s, morgan’s, and carlisle’s, bring us by successive steps to the neighbourhood of grahamstown.

“my ‘reminiscences’ are those of an albany settler; but i do not forget that there was another party, who, though locally separated from the main body, occupied a position, the importance of which developed itself in the after-history of the settlement. i refer to the scotch party, who were located on the baviaans river, among mountains and glens that have been rendered classic by the poetry of their leader and historic by the gallant deeds and endurance of his compatriots in the after-struggles of the frontier. i need make no particular reference, however, to the early circumstances of that body of men, as in pringle’s african sketches they have a most graphically-written history of their own.”

thus, in 1820, was the land overrun and taken possession of by the “british settlers.” it had once been the land of the hottentots, but had never at any time rightfully belonged to the kafirs, who, after wrongfully entering it and rendering themselves by their thievish disposition and deceit an unbearable nuisance, were finally driven out of it in 1819.

the idea of government in sending the settlers out to occupy these vacated lands was, that a convenient buffer might thus be placed on the frontier of the colony to keep the savages in check. that these settlers and their descendants received many a rude shock, and played their part nobly, has been proved, and is admitted on all hands. that they received less encouragement and help from those who induced them to emigrate than might have been expected, is equally certain.

brown and i chatted, more or less, of these things as we toiled up the slopes of the zuurberg, where the original settlers had toiled fifty-five years before us, and in the afternoon came to a pretty good inn, where a small misfortune befell us. while we were indulging in a cup of tea, one of our horses escaped. we had crossed the mountain range by that time, and the truant had a fine range of undulating country to scamper over. that animal gave us some trouble, for, although nearly a dozen men went, after him on horseback, he kept dodging about actively with many flourishes of heels and tail during the whole afternoon.

when one is in no hurry, and the weather is fine, a delay of this kind is rather pleasant than otherwise. while men and boys were engaged in the fruitless chase, i wandered off into the bush in the hope of stumbling on a tortoise or a snake, or some other creature that i had previously been accustomed to see in zoological collections, but the reptiles kept close, and refused to show themselves. i came, however, on a gigantic beehive; at least it resembled one in appearance, though the smoke that issued from a hole in its top suggested humanity. there was also a hole in one side partially covered by a rickety door. close beside it stood a little black creature which resembled a fat and hairless monkey. it might have been a baboon. the astonished gaze and grin with which it greeted me warranted such an assumption, but when it suddenly turned and bolted through the hole into the beehive, i observed that it had no tail—not even a vestige of such a creation,—and thus discovered that it was a “tottie,” or hottentot boy. the sublime, the quaint, the miserable, the ridiculous, and the beautiful, were before me in that scene. let me expound these five “heads” in order.

on my left rose the woody slopes and crags of the zuurberg, above whose summits the white hills and towers and gorgeous battlements of cloud-land rose into the bright blue sky. around me were groups of flowering mimosa bushes, with thorns from three to six inches long, interspersed with which were curious aloes, whose weird leafy tops gave them the aspect of shrubs growing upside down with their roots scrambling aimlessly in the air. in front stood the native hut, the wretchedness of whose outside was only equalled by the filth and poverty-stricken aspect within. near to this were several native children, as black as coal, as impudent-looking as tom-tits, and as lively as crickets. beyond all lay the undulating plains studded with flowering shrubs of varied form and hue, and bathed in golden sunshine.

there is something sad, ay, and something mysterious, to me in the thought that such a lovely land had been, until so recently, the home of the savage and the scene of his wicked and ruthless deeds.

on new year’s day i dined in a public restaurant in somerset,—in a strange land with strangers. but the strangers were not shy. neither was i. there were about a dozen of us at table, and before dinner was half over we were as sociable as if we had been bosom friends from infancy. we even got to the length of warm discussion, and i heard some sentiments expressed regarding natives and “native policy,” with which i could not agree; but, being ignorant on the subject at the time, i stuck to general principles. it seemed to me that some of the speakers must have been born with their brains turned the wrong way. this idea recalls to memory the curious fact that, during my first walk in somerset, i saw a mounted hottentot policeman wearing his helmet with the fore part to the back, because its rear peak was longer, and a better sunshade, than the front.

the same tendency to sacrifice appearance to utility is observable among the malays of capetown, who treat their sou’-westers similarly.

my first visit to a native church was on a sunday,—the hottest sunday i ever spent. the congregation was entirely black and brown. it, also, was hot, so that the church was by no means cool. whatever depth, or want of depth, there might have been in the christianity of these people, the garb and the bearing of civilisation were very obvious and very pleasant to behold. their behaviour was most orderly and modest, though, probably, many of them had gone there to display their finery.

taking my place near the pulpit i saw them to advantage. the church was pretty full. i sat down beside a very stout hottentot girl, whose dress of showy chintz was as much a subject of interest to herself as of indifference to the congregation. there were marvellous contrasts and surprising harmonies displayed in that church, with not a few discords. childlike good-humour sat on every countenance. when mr green ascended the pulpit eager expectancy gleamed in every jet-black eye. when the psalm was given out the preparatory clearing of throats and consequent opening of thick red lips and revelation of splendid rows of teeth all over the church had quite a lighting-up effect on the scene. they sang heartily and well of course,—all black people do so, i think. just opposite me sat a young man with a countenance so solemn that i felt sure he had made up his mind to “be good,” and get the full benefit of the services. his black cheeks seemed to glisten with earnestness; his thick lips pouted with devotional good-will. i do not write in ridicule, but merely endeavour to convey my full meaning. he wore a superfine black dress coat, a gaudy vest, and buff corduroy trousers so short that they displayed to advantage his enormous bare feet. beside him was an elderly man with tweed trousers, a white shirt and brown shooting coat, and a face not quite so solemn but very sedate. some of the men had boots, some had black silk hats, others wideawakes,—which of course they removed on entering. it seemed to me that there was among them every part and variety of costume from morning to evening dress, but no individual could boast of being complete in himself.

as for the women, they were indescribable. some of them wore little more than a blanket, others were clothed in the height of european fashion,—or something like it,—and all had evidently put on their “sunday’s best.” one stout and remarkably healthy young woman appeared in a brilliant skirt, and an indescribable hat with ostrich feathers on her woolly head. she sat herself down close beside me and went to sleep at the beginning of the sermon—not out of irreverence, i am persuaded, but from heat. in this state she continued swaying to and fro to the end of the discourse, occasionally drooping, as though she meant to make a pillow of my shoulder, which she would certainly have done, but for a more modestly clad hottentot girl at her other side, who, evidently scandalised, kept poking at her continuously with her elbow. in justice to the congregation i am bound to add, that i saw very few sleepers. they were most attentive and earnest, despite the distracting elements of a humorous kind that obtruded themselves.

somerset east is a pretty town on the little fish river, at the foot of the boschberg mountains, which rise abruptly from the plain. it boasts of banks, a newspaper, several churches, and the gill college,—an imposing edifice which was erected by private endowment. in regard to its inhabitants, all i can say is, that the few members i had the pleasure of meeting there during a three days’ sojourn were exceedingly hospitable and kind.

note 1. this deeply interesting lecture was published in grahamstown as a pamphlet, entitled, the reminiscences of an albany settler.