a voyage of discovery to the far west planned and begun.

three years passed away, during which period mackenzie, being busily occupied with his arduous duties as a fur-trader, could not carry out the more noble purposes of discovery on which his heart was set. but a time at length arrived when circumstances permitted him to turn his eyes once more with a set purpose on the unknown wilderness of the west. seated one fine morning about the beginning of spring, in his wooden residence at fort chipewyan, he observed reuben guff passing the window with an axe on his shoulder, that worthy, with his son and swiftarrow, having engaged in the service of the fur-traders at the end of the late expedition. opening the door, mackenzie called him in.

“where are you bound for just now, reuben?”

“to dinner, monsieur.”

“reuben,” said mackenzie, with a peculiar look, “has all your pioneering enthusiasm oozed out at your finger ends?”

“no, monsieur,” replied the man, with a slight smile, “but lawrence and i have bin thinkin’ of late that as monsieur mackenzie seems to have lost heart, we must undertake a v’yage o’ diskivery on our own account!”

“good. then you are both ready, doubtless, to begin your discoveries with a canoe journey of some extent on short notice?”

“at once, monsieur, if it please you.”

“nay, reuben, not quite so fast as that,” said mackenzie, with a laugh; “you may have your dinner first. but to-morrow you shall become a genuine pioneer by preceding me towards the far west. you know the position of our most distant settlements on the peace river?”

“perfectly,” said reuben, whose eye kindled as he began to see that his master was in earnest.

“well, i intend to visit these settlements this fall, and push on towards the rocky mountains. it will take me to the end of the season to accomplish this, so that our real voyage of discovery will not begin until the following spring. now, there is a certain locality beyond our most distant outpost, which i shall describe to you afterwards, where i intend to build a fort and spend next winter, so as to be on the spot ready to begin the moment the ice breaks up. preparations must be made there for the building of the fort. timber must be felled, cut, and squared for the houses and palisades, and two able and willing, as well as experienced men, must go there to begin this work without delay. it occurs to me that the two best men i have for such work are reuben guff and his son. are they prepared for this duty, think you?”

“say the word, monsieur,” was reuben’s laconic but significant reply.

“well, then, it is said. come back here after dinner with lawrence, and i will give you instructions: you shall start to-morrow at daybreak.”

reuben bowed and left the hall with a light step. next day he and his son started on their journey in a small birch-bark canoe; on the 10th of october mackenzie followed in a canoe of larger dimensions. he visited several establishments of the district of which he had charge; ascended the peace river towards its unknown sources, gave good advice to the several bands of indians whom he met with by the way, and generally strengthened the hearts and hands of his agents. passing the last outpost on the river, he pushed on, until, finally, he reached his intended winter-quarters on the 1st of november—not a day too soon, for the river was already being covered with its winter coat of ice.

here he found reuben and lawrence, bronzed and hardened with toil and exposure. they had done good service during the previous summer, for all the timber was prepared, a space marked out for the fort, and a deep trench dug for the palisades. here also were found a band of natives, amounting to about seventy men, anxiously awaiting the arrival of the chief, as they styled mackenzie, and thirsting especially for tobacco and rum, both of which—unlike the natives of the far north—they were particularly fond of.

to build a fort in a few weeks, consisting of a dwelling-house and several stores, with palisades eighteen feet high, in the midst of frost so intense that their axes sometimes became as brittle as glass, and living in tents the while, exposed to the storms of wind and snow peculiar to a hyperborean clime, was a feat which, if detailed, would fill a volume. we are constrained to dismiss the subject in a line. thus curtly, also, must we treat the winter. yet some points we cannot forbear to touch on, illustrative as they are of some curious experiences of the fur-traders.

the indians there were unusually ignorant of medical science, and when ill applied to mackenzie, believing, with childlike simplicity, that he certainly knew everything and could do anything!

one woman came to him with a swelled breast, which her friends had lacerated with flints in order to cure it; this failing, they had blown on it, but with similar want of success. mackenzie knew not what to do, but, bringing common sense to bear on the case, he made the poor creature keep it clean (she was naturally dirty), poulticed it several times, and anointed it with healing salve. in a short time a perfect cure was effected. after that an indian while at work in the woods was attacked with a sudden pain near the first joint of his thumb, which disabled him. he appealed to mackenzie, who, to his surprise, found a narrow red inflamed stripe about an inch wide, extending from the man’s thumb to his shoulder. the pain was very violent, and accompanied with chilliness and shivering. mackenzie admits that the case was quite beyond his skill; but as it was necessary to relieve the indian’s mind, he attempted a cure. he prepared a kind of volatile liniment of rum and soap, with which he ordered the arm to be rubbed. the success of this treatment was doubtful, because at first it drove the man mad, and the red stripe not only increased but extended in the form of several blotches on the body, and was accompanied by pains in the stomach. seeing this, our amateur doctor fell back on the old plan of bleeding, an operation which he had never before performed. the result was marvellous. the following night the man was much better, and ere long was restored to his former health, and filled with gratitude.

again, on another occasion, a young indian’s gun burst and maimed his hand so that the thumb hung by a mere strip of flesh. when he came to the fort his wound was in a very offensive state. his friends had done their best for him, but as their panacea for everything consisted in singing or howling, and blowing on the affected part, he was not perceptibly the better for their exertions. the youth’s life being in danger, mackenzie once more tried his skill. he applied to it a poultice of bark stripped from the roots of the spruce fir, having first washed the wound with the juice of the bark. this proved to be a very painful dressing, but it cleaned the wound effectually. he then cut off the pendent thumb, and applied a dressing of salve composed of canadian balsam, wax, and tallow dropped from a burning candle into the water. as before, the treatment was successful, insomuch that the young red-skin was soon in the hunting-field again, and brought an elk’s tongue as a fee to his benefactor.

during the winter he was visited by a few rocky mountain indians, who gave him some important information; namely, that the peace river in the mountain districts was interrupted by numerous bad rapids and falls, and that, towards the mid-day sun, there was another great river whose current ran in an opposite direction, the distance between the sources of the two rivers being short.

the winter, with its dreary storms and bitter colds, at length passed away, and genial spring returned. as soon as the ice broke up, preparations were made for an immediate start. their large birch-bark canoe had been overhauled and repaired. her dimensions were twenty-five feet long inside, two feet two inches deep, and four feet nine inches wide. she carried goods for presents, provisions, arms, ammunition, baggage, etcetera, to the extent of three thousand pounds weight, with a crew of ten men, including their chief; yet she was so light that two men could carry her when empty for three or four miles without resting. they had no small canoe on this voyage. their hopes, and, it may be truly said, their lives, were dependent on this solitary and frail conveyance.

as we have said, mackenzie took nine men with him on this occasion, our friends reuben, lawrence, and swiftarrow being among the number, and two of them being young indian hunters of that region, who were supposed to be acquainted with at least part of the route they were about to pursue, and who were to act as interpreters. english chief had long before left his former master, and no women were allowed to go with the party—even darkeye was left behind! there was one other member of the party whom we must not omit to mention—namely, a large dog named wolf.

on the 9th of may 1793, mackenzie left the fort in charge of his interpreter, pushed off into the waters of the peace river, turned the canoe’s bow westward, and the voyage of discovery began.

a few days afterwards they passed through scenery which all confessed was the most beautiful they had ever beheld.

“’tis like a glimpse o’ paradise,” exclaimed reuben, as the whole party rested on their paddles for a few minutes to gaze upon it.

“ho!” exclaimed swiftarrow, with a nod to his friend, which evidently was meant for assent.

“betterer nor the hudson,” said ducette, one of the canadians, with a look of admiration.

“does it beat scottisland, monsieur?” asked lawrence, with a somewhat sly expression.

“well, ahem,” replied mackenzie with hesitation, “it’s not exactly—that is, it is vastly different and truly magnificent—they won’t compare, lawrence; they won’t compare!”

the region did indeed merit all that could be said in its praise. the ground on the west side of the river—which was wide and full of lovely wooded islets—rose at intervals to a considerable height, and stretched inwards to a great distance; at the foot of every slope there was a soft, grassy lawn, broken here and there by abrupt precipices, which were fringed with exuberant verdure. shrubs and trees of every kind, in clumps and in groves, crested the heights or nestled in the hollows: among them were groves of poplar, with the white spruce and soft birch, and other trees; while the banks abounded with alders and willows. those that bore blossom were just opening their bright buds, and the setting sun cast a rich golden light over all, as though the glory of the beneficent creator were shining on his gorgeous handiwork. but that beautiful wilderness did not blossom and bloom in solitude. it was tenanted and enjoyed by countless numbers of living creatures. wherever the travellers turned their eyes, vast herds of elk and buffaloes were to be seen, the latter sporting with their young ones on the plains, the former preferring to browse on the slopes and uplands; and innumerable birds of all shapes and sizes enlivened the scene with their varied gyrations, and filled the air with melody.

it seemed, indeed, a species of paradise; but not far from it the travellers were painfully reminded of its terrestrial nature by the sight of a wide-spread conflagration, which carried fierce destruction over the whole plain, and left black ruin behind; and still further on mackenzie was robbed of the pleasurable feelings due to the influence of sweet scenery, by the baleful influence of man in the shape of a chief of the beaver indians with a hunting-party. he tried to push on past these indians, but they kept up with the canoe, running along shore, and when night approached he was compelled to encamp with them. the consequence was, as he had feared, that these people attempted to terrify his young indian interpreters with dreadful accounts of the land beyond, and succeeded so far that it was with the utmost difficulty that they could be persuaded to remain with the expedition.

next night they encamped at a spot where a stream fell into the peace river from the north.

“voilà! w’at is dis?” exclaimed ducette, as he leaped on shore.

“the fut-print of a grizzly bar,” said reuben, stooping to examine and measure the mark; “an oncommon big ’un, too—full nine inches wide. i wouldn’t like to embrace that bar.”

the den, or place where this monster or some of its kindred had spent the winter, was also found not far-off. it was ten feet deep, horizontally, five feet high, and six feet wide.

“i wish we could find him,” said lawrence as he kindled the camp-fire.

“ha! swiftarrow has found something better,” said mackenzie, as the indian strode into camp laden with the tongue, marrow-bones, and other choice portions of an elk which he had killed a short distance down the river.

lawrence had his wish next day, for they found a grizzly bear so fierce-looking and large that it was well for him he was in the canoe struggling with rapids at the time, for he was reckless enough to have attacked it single-handed—a very dangerous proceeding, and a thing that the indians never do. they appear to think that at least three men are necessary to the destruction of this much and justly feared monster of the mountains.

lawrence looked at bruin with a feeling of bloodthirsty desire; bruin looked at lawrence with an expression of stupid curiosity; and then slowly, not to say sulkily, retired into his native forest. next day they beheld a more gratifying sight,—namely, the snow-capped rocky mountains themselves, within the rugged portals of which their canoe passed not long afterwards. here, as was to be expected, the river became narrower and more turbulent, and ere long the explorers had to face dangers and difficulties which tested their courage and endurance to the uttermost.