saving the passengers and crew—our heroes distinguish themselves.

when bax and his party arrived at saint margaret’s bay, the scene of wreck and death had already begun.

the vessel was just discernible in the midst of the turmoil of warring elements that filled the dark air with misty spray. a boat had tried to reach the shore with a number of passengers—chiefly men—in her. her fate was quickly sealed. a huge breaker upset her, and six of the dead bodies of her crew had already been plucked from the sea, and laid on the shingle. the rest were being hurled on the land and swept back by the force of the returning waves, until the people assembled there caught and dragged them also beyond their reach.

messengers had already been sent to the nearest lifeboat stations, and the people who remained behind were either occupied in attempting to recover the bodies of the drowned, as above described, or in suggesting impossible plans for conveying a line on board the ill-fated vessel.

“ha! here comes the man as’ll tell us wot’s to be done, and do it too!” cried one of the boatmen, “wot say, bax, can we git a line off, think ’ee?”

bax stood on the edge of the roaring sea, silent and motionless, with his arms crossed on his broad chest, and his bold gaze directed to the wreck.

“no,” said he, after standing a few moments thus, “it can’t be done. no mortal man could cross the surf on the inner rocks; but there’s a point o’ rocks not far to the nor’ard; does any one know how far the tide may cover ’em just now?”

“about half,” answered several voices eagerly.

“ay, so’t does,” observed a coast-guard-man, “but with sich a surf beatin’ on ’em there ain’t a rock on the whole pint above water this minute.”

“come, let’s go see,” cried bax, snatching a coil of light rope from the hand of a man who stood close by, and hastening away with it in the direction of the rocky point referred to.

in a few seconds he stood on its outer extremity, with guy foster, coleman, and a few of the more courageous men at his side.

the point on which bax stood was indeed a position of great danger. besides being whelmed in driving spray, so that it was a matter of extreme difficulty to see more than a few yards in any direction, the waves at times rushed up to and over them with such violence as to reach the knees of those who stood there, and threatened to wash them off. nevertheless, from this point bax thought it possible that the end of the line might be conveyed on board the “trident,” which could be seen looming high and black in the murky air, lifting and falling with a heavy crash as each successive billow broke under and over her, carrying on with irresistible violence the work of destruction. both chains had given way, and she was now rolling a helpless wreck on the rocks.

“d’ye mean to try it?” said guy, anxiously, as he observed his friend fastening the line round his waist.

“hold the end of it, guy, and pay out,” said bax, “mind you don’t haul in unless you’re sure i’m goin’ down.”

with this caution, bax plunged into the surf, and struck out for the wreck, having previously placed an open clasp-knife between his teeth.

a cheer broke from the nearest group on the rocks when they witnessed this bold act. it was taken up and re-echoed by those farther up the beach, who knew that some hopeful effort was being made, although they were unable to perceive the precise nature of it. the people on the wreck also heard the cheer, and looked eagerly landward. but to them all was shrouded in darkness. even guy quickly lost sight of his friend, and was only made aware of his safety and onward progress by the continued running out of the line. suddenly it stopped.

“he’s a-board,” cried coleman.

“he would jerk on it if he was,” said guy, with a doubtful shake of the head.

“he’s sunk,” cried one of those who stood by and held the slack of the rope.

a panic seemed to seize the others who stood by. “haul ’im in!” cried one. “look alive!” shouted another, “he’s a gone man.” before guy could interfere, they acted on the impulse, and drew in two or three fathoms.

twisting his left arm suddenly round the rope, guy planted his foot on a rock and stopped it; at the same time he raised his right hand, and threatened to fell the man nearest to him. the result was that the men desisted from hauling, but when the rope was again felt it became evident that there was no weight at the farther end of it. guy’s heart sank with horror as the empty line was drawn in. for a moment he felt all the agony of despair; but a gleam of hope rushed in upon him on observing that the end of the rope was cut, as if with a sharp knife, not by the edge of a rock.

animated by this hope he hastened back to the beach in quest of another line, resolved himself to attempt to carry it to the wreck.

guy was right in his conjecture that bax had cut the rope. on nearing the ship the latter had come unexpectedly on a large rock, under the lee of which he paused to recover breath before making the last gallant struggle towards the wreck. it was this pause that caused the alarm of those on shore. when bax felt himself dragged violently back to the land, he at once divined the cause, and, knowing that there was no other resource, he seized the clasp-knife, and cut the rope. a few minutes later he swam under the lee of the wreck, and, catching hold of the rigging of the foremast, which had gone by the board when the ship struck, he clambered up the side and soon stood on the quarter-deck.

the hope raised among the passengers by the sudden appearance of the gigantic stranger in the midst of them, was quickly dispelled when he told them how he had failed in the main object of his effort. but it revived somewhat when they observed the active and energetic way in which bax set about preparations for returning to the shore with a line from the ship. his first act was to ask for a blue-light, which after a few minutes was produced. this he set fire to, and, springing into the main rigging, held it aloft, and sent a bright glare for a few minutes, far and wide, over the scene.

the effect of this was twofold. it revealed to the shipwrecked people the dangers by which they were surrounded, and the active efforts that were being made by land and water for their deliverance. on shore, they saw crowds of men and women surrounding an instrument, which bax, after giving vent to a hopeful cheer, explained was a rocket apparatus. scarcely had they learned this, when bax shouted and waved his hand seaward. on turning their eyes in that direction, they beheld a lifeboat bearing down towards them, her white-painted sides gleaming like the wings of an angel of light in the midst of the dark tempest.

the lifeboat was also seen by the people on shore, and guy, who at once recognised the figure, and the vigour, of his friend with the blue-light, lent able assistance to those who managed the rocket.

dennett’s rocket apparatus, which was being placed in position on the rocks, is an invention by which many human lives are saved on our coasts every year. like manby’s mortar apparatus, it is simple in its action and most effective in operation.

the grand difficulty in the case of a wreck near shore is to establish a communication, by means of a rope, between the wreck and the land; and this difficulty is, of course, much increased when the wreck occurs off a coast lined with rocks or steep cliffs. to swim off from the shore to the wreck, or vice versa, is, in most cases, an absolute impossibility. the rocket apparatus has been devised for the purpose of overcoming this difficulty. by means of it a light “line” as it is called, or rope, the thickness of the point of one’s little finger, can be thrown over a wreck lying at a distance of several hundred yards from the beach. this line, when caught, is the means by which many a life has been saved from the devouring sea. the modus operandi will be seen in the sequel.

the apparatus consists of five parts; the rocket, the stand, the line, the whip, and the hawser. the rocket is a strong metal cylinder, of about eighteen inches in length, and more than two in diameter. when about to be used a long stick is attached to it, and the principle on which it acts is precisely similar to that of the small rockets used in our pyrotechnic displays. the stand is a tripod supporting a rest for the rocket. the line, which is made of the best material, is coiled in a large box in a zig-zag manner on a number of pegs; these pegs, when withdrawn in a mass by removing the bottom of the box to which they are attached, leave the line loose and free to fly out with the utmost rapidity. the end of the line is fastened to the head of the rocket.

any one who has stood near an ordinary rocket when it was being fired, can form some conception of the force and furor with which this iron monster springs into the air and dashes out to sea in the teeth of the wildest storm. so tremendous is the gush of fire and smoke, that it has to be let off by means of a lock, the trigger of which is pulled by a man standing some yards distant with a cord attached to it in his hand.

before the rocket was quite ready for action, the lifeboat had approached the wreck, a hundred yards or so to windward of her. here they cast anchor in such a position that by paying out cable they could veer down towards her slowly and endeavour to range up under her lee. every different operation the lifeboat had to perform was fraught with extreme danger. the mere being overwhelmed by the furious sea and filled was comparatively a trifling risk. this it had been twice already, and, but for the time lost in bailing out, it would have been much earlier on the scene. while paying out cable there was the fear of the rope breaking or the anchor dragging; then, on nearing the wreck, there was the risk of being dashed to pieces on the rocks, and after getting under her lee, the surging of the waves kept them constantly on the verge of being hurled against the rigging. the wreck of the foremast, too, which still lay rolling alongside, was a source of constant anxiety, and the rolling of the ship itself rendered it probable that one or both of the remaining masts would give way and fall over the side, in which case the destruction of the boat would be almost inevitable. add to this the intense darkness, the terrible uproar of wind and water, and the difficulty of acting effectively in a boat that pitched and swooped wildly on the broken seas like the plungings of a fiery charger,—and some faint idea may be formed of the horrors, as well as the dangers of the lifeboat service.

gradually, but surely, the boat dropped nearer and nearer to the doomed ship, under the guidance of her able coxswain. as it passed under the stern a cheer burst from the crowd of eager faces that gazed over the side of the “trident.” yet there were many hearts there that grew faint and chill when they beheld the little white speck that seemed to be their only hope of rescue in that dark hour. “what hope was there that such a nutshell should save them all?” they thought, perchance, on seeing it approach. they little knew the wonderful vitality of a lifeboat!

just as it passed under the quarter, a sea swept it right up into the mizzen-chains. the utmost efforts of the crew to fend off were unavailing. as the billow rolled on, the boat dropt swiftly, scraping against the ship’s side as it fell into the trough of the sea, and escaping an upset almost by a miracle.

“throw a line aboard!” shouted bax, who stood on the lee bulwarks, high above the crowd, holding on by the mizzen-shrouds.

the middy caught up the instrument used for this purpose, and threw a line on board at once. this steadied the boat a little, and, watching their opportunity, they succeeded in lowering three women and a child into it by means of a bow-line.

in this way, one by one, the females and children were placed in the boat until it was full. then there was a cry to shove off, and a rush was made by the more timid and ignorant among the passengers, who thought they were about to be forsaken. bax had foreseen this. he and several of the sailors met and checked the crowd, and before any mischief could be done the boat was away.

it made straight for the shore where hundreds of stout arms were ready to seize it. the midshipman stood on the bow with a rope in his hand. the sea through which they rushed was milk white with foam. to prevent the boat broaching-to and being rolled over on the beach was now the main effort of the coxswain. on they went steadily. a wave broke under them, carried them on its boiling crest with lightning speed, and launched them with a roar like thunder on the shingle. the rope was thrown before they touched. it was seized and manned; and before the retiring wave could suck them back, the lifeboat with her living freight was run high upon the beach.

she was soon emptied and relaunched, for there was no time to waste. many lives were still in danger, and the “trident” could not be expected to hold together long.

it was just as the boat quitted the side of the wreck, as above described, that the rocket was got in readiness to act.

“stand by to fire,” said the coast-guard-man who had been engaged for some minutes in adjusting it carefully.

“keep back! clear out o’ the road,” cried several of the seamen, as they pushed back the more curious among the crowd.

there was a flash, a mighty burst of flame and smoke, as the rocket trembled for an instant on its stand; then, with an impulse that seemed irresistible, and a hissing shriek that rose above the storm, it sprang into the air and described a bright curved line of light against the black sky.

its own wild blaze served to show that it had been well aimed, and that the line had fallen across the wreck. this was all that could be done by the people on shore, until those on the wreck had performed their part of the work. but while they stood anxiously awaiting the result, they had no cause to fear that the ignorance of those whom they sought to rescue would render their efforts useless (as has unfortunately been the case more than once), for it was known now that bax was on board.

the ignorance of some seamen as to what should be done with the line when it is caught, has been the cause of loss of life several times. on one occasion five men, the crew of a small vessel, being ignorant on this point, tied the rocket-line round them and leaped together into the sea! of course those on shore could do nothing but haul them to land as quickly as possible; when they had done so, all were found to be drowned except one.

on the present occasion bax seized the line as soon as it fell on the wreck and began to haul it in-board. guy had attached to it a pulley or block with a stoutish rope rove through it, and soon those on shore had the satisfaction of seeing this second and double line (named the “whip”), hauled out by the people on the wreck. after a time it ceased to run out, and then they knew that bax had got hold of the pulley, and would quickly attach it to the ship. this was soon done. bax fastened the pulley to the mainmast, and then caused a lantern to be shown for a moment, to indicate that all was ready.

still those on shore delayed to act for a minute, in order to make quite sure that ample time had been allowed for the fastening of the pulley. and now the all-important operation of conveying a thick hawser to the wreck was begun. with the tackle already fast to the ship this was comparatively easy. the whip being rove through a pulley, both ends were kept on shore and fastened together. it thus became a sort of endless rope, by which things could be passed to the wreck and back again. even without any hawser at all, many lives might have been saved by this rope; but, being small, it was liable to get broken, therefore the end of the thick hawser was sent out and received by bax, who bound it also securely to the mainmast close to the pulley, about fifteen feet above the deck.

the reader will understand that two ropes were now fastened to the mainmast of the “trident,” their other ends being fixed to a heavy anchor buried in the sand on shore. one of these ropes was the thick hawser, the other the whip; but as this whip was an endless or revolving rope, as has been explained, to an onlooker it appeared that there were three ropes stretched between the vessel and the shore, two of them thin and one thick.

these preliminary arrangements having been made, much more rapidly than the description of them might lead one to suppose, the purpose for which they had been fixed soon began to be carried out. just as the lifeboat arrived with its first cargo of passengers, a large block or pulley was run out along the hawser by means of the whip, having attached to it a circular lifebuoy with a canvas bag hanging from it. this was the contrivance into which one individual at a time was placed and drawn ashore. two holes in the bag allowed the legs of the occupant to hang down, and as the belt reached almost up to the neck, there was not much chance of his being tossed out of it. it was in order to prevent this, however, that bax had fastened the end of the hawser high on the mainmast, so that the travelling bag was raised sufficiently above the water, except when it neared the shore. then, indeed, it was frequently immersed in the towering waves, but then, too, it was so near the land that a few seconds sufficed to draw it beyond the reach of the sea. (see note 1.)

for two hours did these men of the coast toil in this arduous labour of love. more than a hundred persons had been saved; but nearly a hundred still remained on board the wreck.

the storm was now at its height, and the vessel rolled over on her bilge so violently that the lifeboat was more than once on the point of being crushed under her massive sides. on her last trip she came close up under the quarter as on former occasions, but before any one could be taken off a monstrous wave lifted the hull right over the rocks on which she lay, and let her fall with fearful violence on a bed of sand in such a position that one of her large timbers snapped across with a report like a cannon shot.

the lifeboat got entangled in the wreck and could not get clear. to make matters worse it grounded on a sandbank that rose close to the side of the “trident,” and could not be hauled out of the dangerous position in which it was thus suddenly placed. the top-gallant masts of the ship were swaying wildly over it, the yards were swinging to and fro, threatening each moment to strike it, and the ragged sails flapped over it with a noise like thunder.

“haul off! haul off!” shouted bax, who observed the extreme danger in which the boat was placed.

the crew attempted to do so, but for some minutes were unsuccessful. at last they got into deep water, but just as this was accomplished the mainyard struck it on the side and overturned it in an instant.

not being constructed on the self-righting principle, the boat remained keel up, but the men, buoyed up by their life-jackets, succeeded in climbing on board the wreck.

a cry of despair arose from those still on board the ill-fated “trident” when this catastrophe happened. during the next half-hour the rocket apparatus was plied with great success, but although most of the women and children were saved by it (and by the boat before it was disabled), there were still upwards of fifty men on board the wreck.

“d’you think the ship will hold together long?” said bax, going aft to the captain, who clung to the mizzen-shrouds superintending the operations of the men.

“not long, i fear,” he replied. “if she had been thoroughly repaired before starting on this voyage she might have weathered the gale; but, but—”

“but,” interposed mr clelland,—the dark passenger, who during the whole of the proceedings which we have narrated had stood calmly beside the captain looking on—“but messrs denham, crumps, and company, being penny wise and pound foolish, thought that the ships were strong enough for their purpose, both ship and cargo being fully covered by insurance!”

there was a spice of bitterness in this man’s tone and manner which displeased bax. he was about to administer a rebuke to him, when a larger wave than usual lifted the ship up, and let her fall with such force that another of her large timbers broke across like a pipe-stem, and the two remaining masts went by the board, sweeping several of the passengers and crew into the sea along with the wreck of spars and cordage.

just under the quarter a child fell into the water. it had been wrenched from its mother’s arms by the coil of a flying rope. the mother leaped frantically on the bulwarks, and would have plunged into the sea had not bax seized her. at that moment mr clelland passed a rope round his waist, tied it in that swift and perfect manner peculiar to seamen, and sprang into the sea. he seized the child in his arms. the captain of the “trident” had caught the rope as clelland sprang over the side. bax assisted him, and in a few minutes both were hauled safely on board.

“you’re better stuff than i gave you credit for,” said bax, as the dark passenger delivered the child to its mother.

“indeed!” said mr clelland, with a touch of sarcasm in his tone; “i hope that i may be able to return you the like compliment at a more fitting season. at present there is other work for us to do. come, lads, we must try to right the lifeboat, who will help me?”

mr clelland sprang into the sea as he spoke and swam towards the boat, which still lay under the lee of the wreck with its keel uppermost. bax followed instantly, and so did nearly the whole crew of the boat. these latter, having on their cork-jackets, ran comparatively little risk of drowning, but they, as well as bax and clelland, were in danger of being disabled by the rolling spars that surrounded them. with great difficulty they succeeded in turning the boat over, but, as it was nearly full of water, much valuable time was wasted before it could be baled out sufficiently to render it once more serviceable. when this was accomplished they hauled clear of the wreck, intending to veer round towards the stern, where they could approach the ship with greater safety.

the remaining passengers seeing this, rushed upon the poop. at that moment the ship was lifted up, and hurled with such violence on a sunken rock that her back was broken; the sea dashed against her side, separating the poop from the fore part of the vessel, and turning it completely over, so that every soul on board was plunged suddenly into the sea.

a wild shriek of despair rose high above the howling of the storm, and most of the weaker among the passengers sank in the raging sea to rise no more. but the lifeboat was now in a condition to render effectual aid to those who were strong enough to struggle a few minutes for their lives, or to cling to broken portions of the wreck. she was soon as full as she could hold, and bax, seizing the bow oar, forced her head round towards the shore. the coxswain sprang to the helm; “give way, lads,” was shouted, and in a few seconds the boat was once again careering towards the shore on the crest of a towering billow. she took the beach in safety.

“now, then, shove off again,” cried bax, when the last of the passengers was assisted out of her.

“stop!” cried a coast-guard-man, “some of the men are too much knocked up to go off again.”

this was evident, for when the lanterns were held up to the faces of the brave fellows it was seen that several of the less robust among them were deadly pale from sheer exhaustion and fatigue. they indignantly protested, however, that they were still “game for another bout”; but the coxswain firmly, though kindly, insisted that the cork belts should be taken off two or three of them and given to the stoutest of at least a dozen volunteers who eagerly stepped forward.

the boat was then relaunched, and after a careful search, and another sharp struggle with the angry sea, returned with six saved men and a woman, besides several apparently dead bodies, which were instantly removed to a neighbouring cottage, to be treated according to the rules laid down by the royal humane society for the recovery of those who are apparently drowned. (see note 2.)

after the back of the ship was broken, and the wreck overwhelmed, the rocket apparatus of course became useless, as the mast to which the ropes were attached broke off close to the deck, and the ropes themselves became so entangled with the wreck as to be unmanageable; but before this catastrophe occurred good service had been done, for no fewer than sixty of the passengers of the ill-fated “trident” had been saved by this means alone. the lifeboat had been the means of saving one hundred and twenty lives; and fifteen men, who succeeded in swimming to the beach, were rescued with the utmost difficulty by the people on shore.

among these last was the captain, who, with that heroic self-devotion which seems to be a common characteristic of british seamen, had made up his mind to be the last man to quit the ship. this intention was frustrated by the breaking up of the vessel. in the confusion he was swept beyond the reach of the lifeboat, and gained the beach he scarce knew how. here he was launched on the shingle by a billow, and washed high up on the beach. he grasped the loose pebbles with the energy of despair, but the cataract of white water that rushed back as the wave retired, swept him with irresistible force into the sea. again this happened and as he dug his fingers into the moving gravel, and felt how hopeless was his case, a cry of anguish burst from him.

the cry was heard by guy foster, who, with a rope round his waist, had been for the last half-hour engaged in rescuing men and women from the fatal grasp of these retiring waves.

“this way, lads, fetch the lantern, look alive!” he shouted, and sprang towards the part of the shore whence the cry had proceeded, followed by a crowd of seamen who had assisted him by holding the rope.

guy was much exhausted. six times already had he plunged into the boiling surf and been dragged out with a fellow-creature in his arms. he had removed the loop of the rope for a few minutes, and now held it in his hand as he ran along the beach looking anxiously at the surf.

once again the captain was hurled on the beach, but in so exhausted a condition that he could make no effort to save himself. he rolled so near to guy’s feet that the latter dropped the rope in his haste as he leaped towards the drowning man. he caught him round the waist just as the broken billow began to rush back. for one moment guy stood firm, but as the retiring water gathered force his limbs quivered, the gravel rolled from beneath his feet, and he was swept off his legs!

before he was engulfed in the surf, and almost before the cry of alarm had burst from his companions on the beach, a boy flung the loop of the rope over his shoulders, plunged headlong into the sea, and, catching guy round the neck with both arms, held to him like a vice. it was tommy bogey! the men hauled gently on the rope at first, fearing to tear the little fellow from his grasp, but they need not have been so careful. tommy’s grip was an uncommonly firm one. in half a minute the three were pulled beyond the reach of the waves—the captain still breathing, guy able to walk, though much exhausted, and tommy bogey none the worse for his heroic and successful exertions.

this was the last incident worthy of note that occurred. of the two hundred and fifty souls who had rejoiced that night in the prospect of a safe and speedy termination to their long voyage, fifty-five were drowned and one hundred and ninety-five were saved. of these last the fifteen men who swam ashore would have been the sole survivors, in all human probability, if there had been no lifeboat or rocket apparatus on the coast.

for the service thus rendered, each man who risked his life that night in the lifeboat received 2 pounds from the royal lifeboat institution. others who had assisted in saving life on the beach received rewards proportioned to their services, and bax, guy, and tommy bogey were each awarded the gold medal of the society for the distinguished gallantry displayed, and the great risks voluntarily encountered by them on this occasion. it was suggested that denham, crumps, and company should give something to the men of the lifeboat in acknowledgment of their services, but denham, crumps, and company did not act on the suggestion!

note 1. in order to give those of our readers who happen to be interested in this subject a better idea of the manner of using the rocket apparatus, we subjoin the instructions given by the board of trade to masters and seamen in regard to it:—

in the event of your vessel stranding within a short distance of the united kingdom, and the lives of the crew being placed in danger, assistance will, if possible, be rendered from the shore in the following manner, namely:

1. a rocket or shot with a thin line attached will be fired across your vessel. get hold of this line as soon as you can, and when you have secured it let one of the crew be separated from the rest, and, if in the daytime, wave his hat or his hand, or a flag or handkerchief; or if at night let a rocket, a blue light, or a gun be fired, or let a light be shown over the side of the ship, and be again concealed, as a signal to those on shore.

2. when you see one of the men on shore, separated from the rest, wave a red flag, or (if at night) show a red light and then conceal it, you are to haul upon the rocket line until you get a tailed block with an endless fall rove through it.

3. make the tail of the block fast to the mast about 15 feet above the deck, or if your masts are gone, to the highest secure part of the vessel; and when the tail block is made fast, and the rocket line unbent from the whip, let one of the crew, separated from the rest, make the signal required by article 1 above.

4. as soon as the signal is seen on shore a hawser will be bent to the whip line, and will be hauled off to the ship by those on shore.

5. when the hawser is got on board, the crew should at once make it fast to the same part of the ship as the tailed block is made fast to, only about 18 inches higher, taking care that there are no turns of the whip line round the hawser.

6. when the hawser has been made fast on board, the signal directed by article 1 above is to be repeated.

7. the men on shore will then pull the hawser taut, and by means of the whip line will haul off to the ship a sling life-buoy fitted with petticoat breeches. the person to be hauled ashore is to get into this sling, thrusting his legs through the breeches, and resting his armpits on the lifebuoy. when he is in and secure, one of the crew must be separated from the rest, and again signal to the shore as directed in article i above. the people on shore will then haul the person in the sling to the shore, and when he has landed will haul back the empty sling to the ship for others. this operation will be repeated to and fro until all persons are hauled ashore from the wrecked vessel.

8. it may sometimes happen that the state of the weather and the condition of the ship will not admit of the hawser being set up, in which case the sling will be hauled off instead, and the persons to be rescued will be hauled in it through the surf instead of along the hawser.

masters and crews of wrecked vessels should bear in mind that the success in landing them may in a great measure depend upon their coolness and attention to the rules here laid down; and that by attending to them many lives are annually saved by the mortar and rocket apparatus on the coasts of the united kingdom.

the system of signalling must be strictly adhered to; and all women, children, passengers, and helpless persons should be landed before the crew of the ship.—board of trade, 22nd december 1859.

note 2. it is of immense importance that every man in the kingdom should possess some degree of knowledge on the subject of the restoration of persons apparently drowned, for no one can tell at what moment he may be called upon, in the absence of medical aid, to act in a case of this nature. we therefore make no apology for here giving in full the rules which have been adopted by the national lifeboat institution. they run as follows:

i. send immediately for medical assistance, blankets, and dry clothing, but proceed to treat the patient instantly on the spot, in the open air, with the face downwards, whether on shore or afloat; exposing the face, neck, and chest to the wind, except in severe weather, and removing all tight clothing from the neck and chest, especially the braces.

the points to be aimed at are—first and immediately, the restoration of breathing; and secondly, after breathing is restored, the promotion of warmth and circulation.

the efforts to restore breathing must be commenced immediately and energetically, and persevered in for one or two hours, or until a medical man has pronounced that life is extinct. efforts to promote warmth and circulation beyond removing the wet clothes and drying the skin must not be made until the first appearance of natural breathing. for if circulation of the blood be induced before breathing has recommenced, the restoration to life will be endangered.

ii. to restore breathing.

to clear the throat.—place the patient on the floor or ground with the face downwards, and one of the arms under the forehead, in which position all fluids will more readily escape by the mouth, and the tongue itself will fall forward, leaving the entrance into the windpipe free. assist this operation by wiping and cleansing the mouth.

if satisfactory breathing commences, use the treatment described below to promote warmth. if there be only slight breathing, or no breathing, or if the breathing fail, then:—

to excite breathing—turn the patient well and instantly on the side, supporting the head, and excite the nostrils with snuff, hartshorn, and smelling salts or tickle the throat with a feather, etcetera, if they are at hand. rub the chest and face warm, and dash cold water, or cold and hot water alternately, on them.

if there be no success, lose not a moment, but instantly:—

to imitate breathing—replace the patient on the face, raising and supporting the chest well on a folded coat or other article of dress.

turn the body very gently on the side and a little beyond, and then briskly on the face, back again; repeating these measures cautiously, efficiently, and perseveringly about fifteen times in the minute, or once every four or five seconds, occasionally varying the side.

(by placing the patient on the chest the weight of the body forces the air out; when turned on the side this pressure is removed, and air enters the chest.)

on each occasion that the body is replaced on the face make uniform but efficient pressure with brisk movement, on the back between and below the shoulder-blades or bones on each side, removing the pressure immediately before turning the body on the side. during the whole of the operations let one person attend solely to the movements of the head, and of the arm placed under it.

(the first measure increases the expiration, the second commences inspiration.)

the result is respiration or natural breathing, and, if not too late, life.

whilst the above operations are being proceeded with, dry the hands and feet; and as soon as dry clothing or blankets can be procured, strip the body and cover, or gradually re-clothe it, but taking care not to interfere with the efforts to restore breathing.

iii. should these efforts not prove successful in the course of from two to five minutes, proceed to imitate breathing by dr silvester’s method, as follows:—

place the patient on the back on a flat surface, inclined a little upwards from the feet; raise and support the head and shoulders on a small firm cushion or folded article of dress placed under the shoulder-blades.

draw forward the patient’s tongue, and keep it projecting beyond the lips; an elastic band over the tongue and under the chin will answer this purpose, or a piece of string or tape may be tied round them, or by raising the lower jaw the teeth may be made to retain the tongue in that position. remove all tight clothing from about the neck and chest, especially the braces.

to imitate the movements of breathing.—standing at the patient’s head, grasp the arms just above the elbows, and draw the arms gently and steadily upwards above the head, and keep them stretched upwards for two seconds. (by this means air is drawn into the lungs.) then turn down the patient’s arms, and press them gently and firmly for two seconds against the sides of the chest. (by this means air is pressed out of the lungs.)

repeat these measures alternately, deliberately, and perseveringly about fifteen times in a minute, until a spontaneous effort to respire is perceived, immediately upon which cease to imitate the movements of breathing, and proceed to induce circulation and warmth.

iv. treatment after natural breathing has been restored—to promote warmth and circulation.

commence rubbing the limbs upwards, with firm grasping pressure and energy, using handkerchiefs, flannels, etcetera: (by this measure the blood is propelled along the veins towards the heart.)

the friction must be continued under the blanket or over the dry clothing.

promote the warmth of the body by the application of hot flannels, bottles or bladders of hot water, heated bricks, etcetera, to the pit of the stomach, the arm-pits, between the thighs, and to the soles of the feet.

if the patient has been carried to a house after respiration has been restored, be careful to let the air play freely about the room.

on the restoration of life a teaspoonful of water warm should be given; and then, if the power of swallowing have returned, small quantities of wine, warm brandy and water, or coffee, should be administered. the patient should be kept in bed, and a disposition to sleep encouraged.

general observations.

the above treatment should be persevered in for some hours, as it is an erroneous opinion that persons are irrecoverable because life does not soon make its appearance, persons having been restored after persevering for many hours.

appearances which generally accompany death.—breathing and the heart’s action cease entirely, the eyelids are generally half-closed, the pupils dilated, the jaws clenched, the fingers semi-contracted; the tongue approaches to the under edges of the lips, and these, as well as the nostrils, are covered with a frothy mucus. coldness and pallor of surface increase.

cautions.—prevent unnecessary crowding of persons round the body, especially if in an apartment.

avoid rough usage, and do not allow the body to remain on the back unless the tongue is secured.

under no circumstances hold the body up by the feet.

on no account place the body in a warm bath, unless under medical direction, and even then it should only be employed as a momentary excitement.