as the momentum or force of a shot is said to be its weight multiplied by its velocity, so the strength of an army may not unjustly be estimated by multiplying its physical powers by the rate at which (if necessary) it can be made to travel: in short, activity is to an army what velocity is to a shot, or what the rigging of a vessel is to its hull. but, although we refuse to increase the weight of a shot unless we can proportionately preserve our power to propel it, yet, in european warfare, this principle, as regards the "matériel" of an army, has not always been kept in mind. inventions have very easily been admitted, which afterwards have not been so easy to carry. it is true, they have added to the powers of the army, but they have so diminished its speed, that, encumbered by its implements and accoutrements, a european, like an east indian army, has often felt that it requires less science to fight than to march; and thus, when bonaparte, in his retreat from moscow, was surrounded by cossacks, which his troops were unable to crush only because they could not get at them, his well-known confession proves that when the field is vast, and its resources feeble, the distance between regular and irregular warfare "is but a step,"—the reason being,196 that the superior strength of the former is worn out by the superior activity of the latter, or, as marshal saxe expressed it, "its arms are of less value than its legs."

now, it is undeniable that this want of activity proceeds partly from the weight of the "matériel," but principally from the following very remarkable imperfection in the military equipment of europe.

it is well known that not only every soldier, but every human being following an army, is subject to military discipline, and that his labour may, at any time, and for any purpose, be required of him; but, although the rational being is thus called upon to work with cheerful obedience for the grand objects of the army, the physical powers of the brute beast have never yet been developed; and accordingly for the various, sudden, and momentary emergencies for which horse-power has often and urgently in vain been required, horse-power (the cavalry) to an enormous extent has existed upon the spot, a military element which it has hitherto been considered so impracticable to control, that the guns, ammunition, treasure, &c., which european cavalry have oftentimes bravely won, their horses have been supposed totally incapable to carry away; and the laurel which was positively in their hands they have thus been obliged to abandon. again, for sieges in countries which have been drained by the artillery and cavalry, not only of horses, but of197 sustenance to maintain them, it has often been absolutely necessary to bring forward, by bullocks and other inefficient means, the battering train, ammunition, entrenching tools, materials, &c., amounting in weight, even for the attack of a second-rate fortress, to several thousand tons. in moments of such distress the infantry working in the trenches have often severely suffered from the delay occasioned by the want of horse-power, while their comrades, the cavalry, have been deemed incapable of sharing the honour and fatigue of the day, from the anomalous conclusion that, although it is easy to extract from men manual labour, it is impossible to extract from horses horse-power; and yet there exists no reason why, in moments of emergency, cavalry horses should not be required to work (most particularly at drag-ropes) as well as infantry soldiers; for although the patient endurance of hardships and privations is one of the noblest features in military life, yet absolutely to suffer from the want of what one positively possesses is, even in common life, a discreditable misfortune, indicating not bodily weakness, but mental imbecility.

even in that noble department, the horse artillery itself, there existed throughout the peninsular war a striking example of latent power which had never been exerted. to each gun there were attached twelve horses trained to draught. of these, only eight possessed198 the means of drawing: the gun might therefore, in mechanical calculation, be said to be propelled by an engine of eight horse-power; and if a morass, or any other obstacle, over-balanced this power, the gun was either deserted, or (as was customary) the infantry were harnessed to it, by drag-ropes, in the immediate presence of four draught-horses, whose powers (besides officers' horses) it was conceived that we were unable to command.[k]

now, to awaken, at no expense, the important, natural, yet dormant powers, not only of cavalry but of all other horses, and, consequently, to afford the means of accelerating (when required) the movements, grand or small, of an army, would surely be more beneficial than even to suggest an improvement in its arms; for it may justly be said that our present weapons are destructive enough—that even if we could succeed in making them more so, still our enemies would retort them upon us—that the advantage, or rather the disadvantage, would then be mutual—and that, eventually, war would only be made still more destructive; but by giving activity and mobility to european armies, the science of war is promoted; and even if the benefit to the civilized nations 199of europe should be equal (but this, from the superior size and strength of english horses, would evidently be in our favour), yet it would at least shield the profession from the disgrace of being again persecuted, in any country, by an uncivilized army; and if the navy of england, laden with its immense weight of metal, is endeavouring, by science and reflection, to accelerate its rate of sailing, so that it can not only stand against the largest fleet, but can chase and run down the smallest pirate, surely the british army, already distinguished by its heart and its arm, should never rest satisfied until it can sufficiently develop its locomotive powers to be able to overtake and punish the insults of irregular troops.

having now endeavoured to prove, 1st, that in european warfare there positively does exist a serious imperfection; and 2ndly, that it is for the interest, and due to the character, of the profession, that this imperfection should be corrected, we will proceed to explain the reasons which have lately induced the duke of cambridge by the following order to direct the attention of the british cavalry to the practice of lasso draught, (which for more than two years, by order of the inspector-general of fortifications, general sir john burgoyne, has been most successfully and scientifically adopted, by captain siborne, r.e., commanding the royal engineer train,200 under the intelligent superintendence of colonel henry sandham, director of the royal engineers' establishment at chatham.)

extract from the queen's regulations, page 126.

"in order that the cavalry may, upon emergencies, be available for the purposes of draught, such as assisting artillery, &c., through deep roads, and in surmounting other impediments and obstacles which the carriages of the army have frequently to encounter in the course of active service, ten men per troop are to be equipped with the tackle of the lasso."

in europe, asia, africa, north america, and a considerable portion of south america, for every purpose of drawing, a horse is confined between two traces; and accordingly, whenever for the first time in his life he is placed in this predicament, so soon as one of them touches or tickles him on one side, he flies from it to the other trace, which suddenly arrests him, and, usually blind-folded by blinkers, being ignorant of, as well as alarmed at, the unknown objects that are restraining him, he occasionally endeavours to disperse them by kicking; and even if he submits, it requires some little experience to tranquillize his fears. for these reasons, throughout the regions enumerated, a horse that has never been in harness, however valuable he may be, is totally useless in a moment of emergency for the purposes of draught.

201

now throughout that region of south america which extends in 35° south latitude from buenos ayres on the atlantic, to santiago and to valparaiso on the pacific ocean, harness is composed of nothing but a surcingle and a single trace, by which the horse draws as a man would drag a garden-roller, by one hand instead of by two.

by this simple mode all the merchandise, and all the travellers that have ever traversed on wheels those immense plains that separate the two great oceans of the world, have been transported.

for military purposes its efficiency has been thus substantiated by general miller in his history of 'the war for independence':—

"our corps consisted of ten six-pounders and one howitzer. each gun was drawn by four horses, and each horse ridden by a gunner, there being no corps of drivers in the service. a non-commissioned officer and seven drivers were, besides the four already mentioned, attached to each piece of artillery. buckles, collars, cruppers, and breast-plates were not in use; the horses simply drew from the saddle, and with this equipment our guns have travelled nearly 100 miles in a day."

but besides its efficiency for all the requirements of either peace or war, the singular advantage of this simple harness is that any description of horse, tame or wild, uses it without noticing it; for if the single trace which202 passes immediately beneath his hip bone happens (which it ought not) to press against his side, by shrinking from it only an inch it instantly ceases to touch him; and as there then remains nothing to confine, tickle, or alarm him, he refrains from kicking, simply because there is nothing to kick at, and from quarrelling because he can see nothing in the world to quarrel with.

with this equipment, if a party of native riders, hunting ostriches in south america, are requested to help the horses of a carriage across a river, and up a steep bank, similar, for instance, to that of the alma, in a moment they affix their lassos, conquer the difficulty, attain the summit, and then, with tobacco smoke steaming from their mouths, gallop away to follow their sport.

the royal engineer train have demonstrated by public experiments in this country, that with this simple equipment, which would injure neither the efficiency nor the appearance of the cavalry, any number of horses, whether accustomed to draught or not, are capable of being at once harnessed to any description of carriage, not only (see sketch) in front to draw it forward, but in rear to hold it back, or even sideways to prevent its oversetting—in short, that it is a power which can be made to radiate in any direction; and as its character stands upon a much firmer foundation—as it is bonâ fide the common mode of draught in south america—203 in constant use for all military and civil purposes—a practical invention which, under all circumstances, has been always found to answer, it is evident to demonstration,—1st. that if it can transport artillery, &c., across the lofty, vast, and rugged features of uncultivated america, it would surely be serviceable on the roads and bridges of civilized countries. 2ndly, that if it can be adapted to unbroken horses, it cannot be inapplicable to the trained horses of our cavalry. and, 3rdly, that as both the surcingle and trace are made, in america, of nothing but the skins of bullocks, we should, on active service, be able in all countries at least to obtain this material, and generally many others.

it must, moreover, be observed, that as a mounted horse (i. e. a horse and man) are heavier than an unmounted horse, the former with a lasso can drag a heavier weight than the latter with a collar and traces.[l]

now, supposing for a moment that not only our cavalry were to be furnished with, but that every saddle-horse receiving rations in a european army was to be ordered to wear the south american surcingle (which costs less than english girths and surcingle, and which experience has proved to be, merely as a girth, superior to a common 204one), and to carry a halter of the usual regulation length, but long enough for a single trace, without detailing the various important as well as trifling services which might be performed, is it not evident that the general activity of the army would most materially be increased? that, in fact, this equipment would form an era in military warfare? that it would be an enormous, and, in europe, an unheard-of engine of say twenty or thirty thousand horses' power, which, at a moment's warning, could either be called forward or dismissed, and, after all, maintained at no expense whatever? for it must ever be kept in mind, that we possess, and always have possessed, the power; all that, for five and thirty years, we have until lately in vain proposed, is—to rouse it into action.

if the propriety and future utility of this project should be admitted, there is one most important observation to be made. the characteristic feature of this simple harness is, that having been invented for unbroken horses, it possesses the singular military advantage of being at once applicable to any sort or description of horse. but it is well known to every reflecting mind, that there is no useful art which does not, somewhere or other, require attention; and to this general rule the american harness is certainly no exception; for though any horse will draw in it, yet it does require, on the part of the rider,205 considerable experience and attention. the single trace must be managed in a particular manner, or, in turning, it gets under the horse's tail: unless it is properly held in the hand at starting, the horse may break it by the jerk. there are several other little precautions necessary, most particularly in the mode of adjusting the surcingle, which requires considerable practice and attention.

the many curious and indeed scientific applications and combinations of power of which this simple harness is capable, form a beautiful example of what even uncivilised man can contrive when his attention has been long and steadily directed to a solitary object. and surely the ingenuity and practical experience of one nation are worthy the patient attention of another. but the apparent simplicity of many a useful invention has often been its ruin; and this observation is most particularly applicable to lasso harness, which is, in appearance, so very simple, that it seems to require only to be seen to be perfectly understood: yet, efficient as it is in america, and efficient as it will be to any nation in europe that will give to its merits sufficient time and a fair trial,—yet, on some little experience and reflection, it is most confidently stated that, as a theory, it certainly is of no use at all; and the truth of this observation will at once be proved by the complete failure and confusion which206 will inevitably take place if our cavalry try the harness without first not only patiently but cordially and zealously learning how to use it. yet this ought not, in common justice, to condemn the principle; for, could cavalry, without some little instruction, succeed in driving even with our own harness?—could french coachmen, without practice, drive our mails?—could our english postilions drive the five horses of a french diligence? and if driving is thus a science of many departments, it would not be reasonable to expect that our cavalry should be able to drive, merely because they have learnt to ride.

[k]to the 12-pounder armstrong gun (which sighted to 8° gives a range of 3000 yards) are now attached eight horses in harness, and eight more on which the non-commissioned officers and men, including horse holders, are mounted. of these, four are supplied with web breast harness and traces: to a proportion of the remainder lassos are supplied.

[l]on active service, when a gun sticks in very heavy ground, it has been usual to place a gunner upon every unmounted horse, and, if necessary, behind every driver on the mounted ones. by this additional weight or power a gun has repeatedly been extricated and brought into action.