in almost every region of the globe, not only on its surface, but at different depths beneath it, the history of the horse is recorded.

"fossil remains," says colonel hamilton smith in the twelfth volume of the naturalist's library, "of the horse have been found in nearly every part of the world. his teeth lie in the polar ice along with the bones of the siberian mammoth; in the himalaya mountains with lost, and but recently obtained, genera; in the caverns of ireland; and, in one instance, from barbary, completely fossilized. his bones, accompanied by those of the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, and hyæna, rest by thousands in the caves in constadt; in sevion at argenteuil with those of the mastodon; in val d'arno and on the borders of the rhine with colossal urus."

but what is most deserving of attention is that while all the other genera and species, found under the same conditions, have either ceased to exist, or have removed to higher temperatures, the horse alone has remained to the present time in the same regions, without, it would appear, any protracted interruption; fragments of his skeleton continuing to be traced upwards, in successive8 formations, to the present surface of the earth—the land we live in.

in like manner in history, sacred, profane, and modern, the horse is to be found omnipresent, sharing in the conquests, in the defeats, in the prosperity, in the adversity, in the joys, in the sorrows, in the occupations, and in the amusements of man.

in genesis xlvii. 17, moses records that the egyptians (1729 years before christ), at a time when the famine was sore in the land of canaan, gave to joseph their horses in exchange for bread.

two hundred and thirty-eight years afterwards (1491 b.c.), six hundred chosen chariots for nobles and generals, all the war chariots of egypt armed with iron to break the enemy's battalions, the horsemen, and all the host of pharaoh, in their pursuit of the children of israel, were overthrown in the midst of the red sea, so that there remained not so much as one of them.—(exodus, chap. xiv.)

"then sang moses and the children of israel this song unto the lord, and spake, saying, i will sing unto the lord, for he has triumphed gloriously: the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea."—exodus, chap. xv.

the canaanites whom joshua engaged at the waters of merom had cavalry, and a multitude of chariots drawn by horses. sisera, general of jabin, king of hazor, had 900 chariots of iron. judah could not get possession of9 the lands because the ancient inhabitants of the country were strong in chariots of iron. the philistines, in their war against saul, had 30,000 chariots and 6000 horsemen. david having taken 1000 chariots of war from hadadezer, king of syria, hamstrung the horses, and burned 900 chariots. during the latter periods of the jewish monarchy palestine abounded in horses.

in 1 kings, chap, iv., it is stated that solomon had 40,000 stalls of horses for his chariots, and 12,000 horsemen.

cyntacus, a king of ethiopia, entered egypt at the head of 100,000 cavalry; and from that period to balaklava, and from it to the last battle in modern history, horses in greater or less numbers have shared in the dangers of war.

in many instances the history of an individual horse forms part and parcel of the history of his rider: accordingly we learn that bucephalus (so called because his head resembled that of a bull, βου κεφαλος), when thirty years old, saved the life of alexander the great, who, in remembrance, built a city which he called after his name.

we are, moreover, taught in our schools, that the emperor c. caligula, as an especial honour to his favourite horse, not only created him a high-priest and consul, but caused him to live in marble apartments, in which he10 stalked about adorned with the most valuable trappings and pearls the roman empire could supply.

in statuary, ancient as well as modern, the horse lives with his rider.

on the frieze of the temple of minerva, in the acropolis of athens, at nineveh, and numerous other localities, are to be seen sculptured or painted, more or less beautifully, ancient figures of men on horseback.

in all the great cities of europe the horse and his rider, or rather the rider and his horse, are ornaments deemed worthy to occupy conspicuous positions in the most important thoroughfares. accordingly in london, within a few hundred yards of each other, are to be seen equestrian statues of kings charles i., william iii., george iii., and george iv.

mounted on one charger, the duke of wellington in his cocked hat and feathers, military cloak, sword, pistols and spurs, in all weathers, rides triumphantly on the summit of an arch at the western end of london, while, at the same moment, in pantaloons and shoes, without hat, stirrups, or spurs, mounted on another charger, he appears, as a sentinel, in front of the bank of england, the commercial heart of the empire.

among the great potentates of the earth, the coin that is most currently used, in proffers to each other of amity and friendship, is a horse. and accordingly, the11 beys of tunis, of algiers, and egypt; every sovereign in europe, including the czar of russia, and the sultan of the turks; the emperor of morocco, the kings of persia and abyssinia, and other rulers of smaller name, have transmitted to the queen of great britain, with due compliments, specimens of their finest horses.

in the life of bruce, the abyssinian traveller, it is recorded that fasil, after having assembled the leaders of the galla tribes, said to the noble briton, "now, before all these men, ask me any thing you have at heart, and be it what it may, they know i cannot deny it to you!" bruce, of course, asked to be conducted immediately to the head of the nile. fasil then turned to his seven chiefs, who got up. they all stood round in a circle and raised the palms of their hands, while he and the galla with great apparent devotion repeated together a prayer, about a minute long. "now," says fasil, "go in peace: you are a galla. this is a curse upon them and their children, their corn, grass, and cattle, if ever they lift their hand against you or yours, or do not defend you to the utmost, if attacked by others." upon this, bruce offered to kiss his hand, and they all went to the door of the tent, where there stood a very handsome grey horse. "take this horse," said fasil, "as a present from me. but do not mount it yourself. drive it before you, saddled and bridled12 as it is. no man of maitsha will touch you when he sees that horse,"—which proved a magician that led him towards his object—an ægis that shielded him on his way.

in like manner to the people of france, the 'moniteur' has just officially made the two following announcements:—

"algiers, 19th september, 1860.

"the emperor and empress yesterday morning laid the first stone of the fine boulevard which is to run along the shore. an immense concourse of persons, both french and native, were collected, eager to see their majesties, and the ceremony displayed a most picturesque character. under the skilful direction of general jusuf, contingents of the kabyle infantry and cavalry of the three provinces, with all the aghas and caids at their head, had been assembled to come and pay homage to the emperor. after a sham fight between the different tribes a grand fantasia took place by from 9000 to 10,000 horsemen rushing forward at the swiftest gallop, and discharging their firearms before their majesties' tent; afterwards a magnificent charge was given by twelve squadrons of spahis, crossing the plain like a hurricane; then followed tilting matches, gazelle, ostrich, and falcon hunts; a grand filing-off of the touaregs, with their faces veiled, and mounted on their camels; and of the chambaas, those inhabitants of the depths of the desert, and the future carriers of french commerce into the soudan. after, in short, one of the most splendid spectacles that could be imagined, all the goums, forming an immense line of battle, advanced majestically, with banners displayed and muskets held high in the air, towards the eminence on which the emperor's tent had been pitched. the chiefs, clad in the richest burnous, alighted from their steeds and came in a body to present the horse of homage, caparisoned with gold, and thus perform an act of submission to the sovereign of france. at this moment, rendered 13solemn by the beauty of the scene and the warlike appearance of the various tribes whose long resistance has given glory to the french arms, the emperor could not prevent himself from giving way to visible emotion. the bey of tunis was present at this grand solemnity."

"paris, 28th september, 1860.

"general count pierre schouvaloff, grand master of police at st. petersburg, and his brother, count paul schouvaloff, both aides-de-camp to the emperor of russia, were received the day before yesterday by the emperor napoleon, and had the honour of presenting to his majesty four horses, sent as a present by the emperor alexander. these fine animals, which have been accompanied to paris by a veterinary surgeon, four hussars, and a non-commissioned officer of the imperial guard, are of the celebrated orloff race, and come from the imperial breeding stud at chrenovsky. they were selected from among a great number by the czar himself; and during the two mouths that their journey from the very heart of russia has occupied, they have been the objects of the greatest care. his majesty greatly admired the beauty, strength, and symmetry of the horses, and expressed to the counts schouvaloff how gratified he felt at a mark of attention which showed the friendly relations existing between the two sovereigns."

in war, the value of these noble animals to man is well described by shakspeare's thrilling exclamation of king richard—

"a horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse!"

in like manner, in civil life, how often has the schoolboy, who in his infancy had clutched with ecstasy his toy—a little spotted horse on wheels—felt that he would give his birthright for a pony!

14

on his arriving at oxford or cambridge, how often has the undergraduate, for the professed purposes of application and recreation, submitted to his parents or guardians a supplication for those three stereotyped wants of college life, "a little money, a private tutor, and a horse!" afterwards, in his manhood, and even in his old age, how often has the prime minister of england, during a most important debate, risen from his seat in parliament to propose to the legion of senators around him "that this house shall adjourn from tuesday to thursday," for the well known object (acknowledged by "loud and protracted cheering") of enabling himself, those who surround him, and everybody else, "to go to the derby," to purchase "dorling's correct card of the names of the horses, and the colours of their riders!"

among our leading statesmen, how many, as patrons of the turf, have purchased for several thousand guineas—a horse! how many, including pitt, fox, lord althorp, lord derby, lord palmerston, sir francis burdett, &c., &c., have been ardent followers of hounds!

her majesty queen victoria and the emperor napoleon iii. each keep a pack of stag-hounds; the prince consort, a pack of harriers. during the peninsular war, and again while commanding the army of occupation in france, the duke of wellington, besides fighting and writing,15 maintained either a pack of fox-hounds or boar-hounds.[a] george iii. was strongly attached to hunting; his great grandson, the prince of wales, "loves it better still."

in all our streets, in our fields, in our highways and bye-ways, along the surface of merry england, and across it; under ground in coal-mines; revolving in a mill;—in short, in every direction, and wherever we go, we see before us—sometimes as man's companion, sometimes as his servant, sometimes as his slave, and occasionally as his master—the horse, respecting which and his rider we will now, without further preamble, venture to offer to our readers the few following remarks.

[a]about 44 years ago a frenchwoman, the proprietor of a small farm, showed us, as a great curiosity, a "billet de logement" which had been inflicted upon her, of which the following is a translated copy:—

"the widow —— will lodge for one night fifty-four dogs." [the duke of wellington's hounds just arrived from england.]

(signed) ——,

"mayor."

"imaginez-vous donc," exclaimed the poor old lady, uplifting her eyes and the palms of both hands; "imaginez-vous donc—cinquante-quatre chiens!!"