i went with him first to homestead, then to some tenements there, later to some other mill districts nearer pittsburgh, the name of which i have forgotten. what astonished me, in so far as the steel mills were concerned, was the large number of furnaces going at once, the piles, mountains, of powdered iron ore ready to be smelted, the long lines of cars, flat, box and coal cars, and the nature and size and force of the machinery used to roll steel. the work, as he or his friends the bosses showed me, was divided between the “front” and the “back.” those working at the front of the furnace took care of the molten ore and slag which was being “puddled.” the men at the back, the stock and yard men, filled huge steel buckets or “skips” suspended from traveling cranes with ore, fuel and limestone, all of which was piled near at hand; this material was then trundled to a point over the mouth of the melting-vats, as they were called, and “released” via a movable bottom. at this particular plant i was told that the machinery for handling all this was better than elsewhere, the company being richer and more progressive. in some of the less progressive concerns the men filled carts with raw material and then trundled them around to the front of a hoist, which was at the back of the furnace, where they were lifted and dumped into the furnaces. but in this mill all a man had to do to fill a steel bucket with raw material was to push one of those steel buckets suspended from a trolley under a chute and pull a rod, when the “stock” tumbled into it. from these it was trundled, by machinery, to a point over the furnace. the furnaces were charged or fed constantly by feeders working in twelve-hour shifts, so that there was little chance to rest from their labors. their pay was not more than half of that paid to the men at the “front” because it was neither so hard nor so skillful, although it looked hard enough to me.

the men at the front, the puddlers, were the labor princes of this realm and yet among the hardest worked. a puddling or blast furnace was a brick structure like an oven, about seven feet high and six feet square, with two compartments, one a receptacle into which pigiron was thrown, the other a fuel chamber where the melting heat was generated. the drafts were so arranged that the flame swept from the fuel chamber directly upon the surface of the iron. from five to six hundred pounds of pigiron were put into each furnace at one time, after which it was closed and sufficient heat applied to melt down the iron. then the puddler began to work it with an iron rod through a hole in the furnace door, so as to stir up the liquid and bring it in contact with the air. as the impurities became separated from the iron and rose to the top as slag, they were tipped out through a center notch. as it became freer from impurities, a constantly higher temperature was required to keep the iron in a liquid condition. gradually it began to solidify in granules, much as butter forms in churning. later it took on or was worked into large malleable balls or lumps or rolls like butter, three to any given “charge” or furnace. then, while still in a comparatively soft but not molten condition, these were taken out and thrown across a steel floor to a “taker” to be worked by other machinery and other processes.

puddling was a full-sized man’s job. there were always two, and sometimes three, to a single furnace, and they took turns at working the metal, as a rule ten minutes to a turn. no man could stand before a furnace and perform that back-breaking toil continually. even when working by spells a man was often nearly exhausted at the end of his spell. as a rule he had to go outside and sit on a bench, the perspiration running off him. the intensity of the heat in those days (1893) was not as yet relieved by the device of shielding the furnace with water-cooled plates. the wages of these men was in the neighborhood of three dollars a day, the highest then paid. before the great strike it had been more.

but the men who most fascinated me were the “roughers” who, once the puddler had done his work and thrown his lump of red-hot iron out upon an open hearth, and another man had taken it and thrown it to a “rougher,” fed it into a second machine which rolled or beat it into a more easily handled and workable form. the exact details of the process escape me now, but i remember the picture they presented in those hot, fire-lighted, noisy and sputtering rooms. agility and even youth were at a premium, and a false step possibly meant death. i remember watching two men in the mill below mt. washington, one who pulled out billet after billet from furnace after furnace and threw them along the steel floor to the “rougher,” and the latter, who, dressed only in trousers and a sleeveless flannel shirt, the sweat pouring from his body and his muscles standing out in knots, took these same and, with the skill and agility of a tight-rope performer, tossed them into the machine. he was constantly leaping about thrusting the red billets which came almost in a stream into or between the first pair of rolls for which they were intended. and yet before he could turn back there was always another on the floor behind him. the rolls into which he fed these billets were built in a train, side by side in line, and as they went through one pair they had to be seized by a “catcher” and shoved back through the next. back and forth, back and forth they went at an ever increasing speed, until the catcher at the next to the last pair of rolls, seizing the end of the rod as it came through, still red-hot, described with it a fiery circle bending it back again to enter the last roll, from which it passed into water. it was wonderful.

and yet these men were not looked upon as anything extraordinary. while the places in which they worked were metal infernos and their toil of the most intense and exacting character, they were not allowed to organize to better their condition. the recent great victory of the steel magnates had settled that. in that very city and elsewhere, these magnates were rolling in wealth. their profits were tumbling in so fast that they scarcely knew what to do with them. vast libraries and universities were being built with their gifts. immense mansions were crowded with art and historic furniture. their children were being sent to special schools to be taught how to be ladies and gentlemen in a democracy which they contemned; and on the other hand, these sweating men were being denied an additional five or ten cents an hour and the right to organize. if they protested or attempted to drive out imported strike-breakers they were fired and state or federal troops were called in to protect the mills. they could not organize then, and they are not organized now.

my friend martyn, who was intensely sympathetic toward them, was still more sympathetic toward the men who were not so skillful, mere day laborers who received from one dollar to one-sixty-five at a time when two a day was too little to support any one. he grew melodramatic as he told me where these men lived and how they lived, and finally took me in order that i might see for myself. afterward, in the course of my reportorial work, i came upon some of these neighborhoods and individuals, and since they are all a part of the great fortune-building era, and illustrate how democracy works in america, and how some great fortunes were built, i propose to put down here a few pictures of things that i saw. wages varied from one to one-sixty-five a day for the commonest laborer, three and even four a day for the skilled worker. rents, or what the cheaper workers, who constituted by far the greater number, were able to pay, varied from two-fifteen per week, or eight-sixty per month, to four-seventy-two per week, or twenty per month.

and the type of places they could secure for this! i recall visiting a two-room tenement in a court, the character of which first opened my eyes to the type of home these workers endured. this court consisted of four sides with an open space in the center. three of these sides were smoke-grimed wooden houses three stories in height; the fourth was an ancient and odorous wooden stable, where the horses of a contractor were kept. in the center of this court stood a circular wooden building or lavatory with ten triangular compartments, each opening into one vault or cesspool. near this was one hydrant, the only water-supply for all these homes or rooms. these two conveniences served twenty families, polish, hungarian, slavonic, jewish, negro, of from three to five people each, living in the sixty-three rooms which made up the three grimy sides above mentioned. there were twenty-seven children in these rooms, for whom this court was their only playground. for twenty housewives this was the only place where they could string their wash-lines. for twenty tired, sweaty, unwashed husbands this was, aside from the saloon, the only near and neighborly recreation and companionship center. here of a sweltering summer night, after playing cards and drinking beer, they would frequently stretch themselves to sleep.

but this was not all. as waste pipes were wanting in the houses, heavy tubs of water had to be carried in and out, and this in a smoky town where a double amount of washing and cleaning was necessary. when the weather permitted, the heavy washes were done in the yard. then the pavement of this populous court, covered with tubs, wringers, clothes baskets and pools of soapy water, made a poor playground for children. in addition to this, these lavatories must be used, and in consequence a situation was created which may be better imagined than explained. many of the front windows of these apartments looked down on this center, which was only a few yards from the kitchen windows, creating a neat, sanitary and uplifting condition. while usually only two families used one of these compartments, in some other courts three or four families were compelled to use one, giving rise to indifference and a sense of irresponsibility for their condition. while all the streets had sewers and by borough ordinance these outside vaults must be connected with them, still most of them were flushed only by waste water, which flowed directly into them from the yard faucet. when conditions became unbearable the vaults were washed out with a hose attached to the hydrant, but in winter, when there was danger of freezing, this was not always possible. there was not one indoor closet in any of these courts.

but to return to the apartment in question. the kitchen was steaming with vapor from a big washtub set on a chair in the middle of the room. the mother, who had carried the water in, was trying to wash and at the same time keep the older of her two babies from tumbling into the tub of scalding water that was standing on the floor. on one side of the room was a huge puffy bed, with one feather tick to sleep on and another for covering. near the window was a sewing-machine, in a corner a melodeon, and of course there was the inevitable cookstove, upon which was simmering a pot of soup. to the left, in the second room, were one boarder and the man of the house asleep. two boarders, so i learned, were at work, but at night would be home to sleep in the bed now occupied by one boarder and the man of the house. the little family and their boarders, taken to help out on the rent, worked and lived so in order that mr. carnegie might give the world one or two extra libraries with his name plastered on the front, and mr. frick a mansion on fifth avenue.

it was to martyn and his interest that i owed still other views. he took me one day to a boardinghouse in which lived twenty-four people, all in two rooms, and yet, to my astonishment and confusion, it was not so bad as that other court, so great apparently is the value of intimate human contact. few of the very poor day laborers, as martyn explained to me, who were young and unmarried, cared how they lived so long as they lived cheaply and could save a little. this particular boardinghouse in homestead was in a court such as i have described, and consisted of two rooms, one above the other, each measuring perhaps 12 × 20. in the kitchen at the time was the wife of the boarding boss cooking dinner. along one side of the room was an oilcloth-covered table with a plank bench on each side; above it was a rack holding a long row of white cups, and a shelf with tin knives and forks. near the up-to-date range, the only real piece of furniture in the room, hung the buckets in which all mill men carried their noon or midnight meals. a crowd of men were lounging cheerfully about, talking, smoking and enjoying life, one of them playing a concertina. they were making the most of a brief spell before their meal and departure for work. in the room above, as the landlord cheerfully showed us, were double iron bedsteads set close together and on them comfortables neatly laid.

in these two rooms lived, besides the boarding boss and his wife, both stalwart bulgarians, and their two babies, twenty men. they were those who handled steel billets and bars, unloaded and loaded trains, worked in cinder pits, filled steel buckets with stock, and what not. they all worked twelve hours a day, and their reward was this and what they could save over and above it out of nine-sixty per week. martyn said a good thing about them at the time: “i don’t know how it is. i know these people are exploited and misused. the mill-owners pay them the lowest wages, the landlords exploit these boardinghouse keepers as well as their boarders, and the community which they make by their work don’t give a damn for them, and yet they are happy, and i’ll be hanged if they don’t make me happy. it must be that just work is happiness,” and i agreed with him. plenty of work, something to do, the ability to avoid the ennui of idleness and useless, pensive, futile thought!

there was another side that i thought was a part of all this, and that was the “vice” situation. there were so many girls who walked the streets here, and back of the dispatch and postoffice buildings, as well as in the streets ranged along the monongahela below smithfield (water, first and second), were many houses of disrepute, as large and flourishing an area as i had seen in any city. as i learned from the political and police man, the police here as elsewhere “protected” vice, or in other words preyed upon it.