my boy used to be afraid of this monument, which stood a long time, or what seemed to him a long time, in the yard of the tombstone cutter before it was put up at the grave of the philosopher who imagined the earth as hollow as much of the life is on it. he was a brave officer in the army which held the region against the indians in the pioneer times; he passed the latter part of his life there, and he died and was buried in the boy's town. my boy had to go by the yard when he went to see his grandmother, and even at high noon the sight of the officer's monument, and the other gravestones standing and leaning about, made his flesh creep and his blood run cold. when there were other boys with him he would stop at the door of the shed, where a large, fair german was sawing slabs of marble with a long saw that had no teeth, and that he eased every now and then with water from a sponge he kept by him; but if the boy was alone, and it was getting at all late in the afternoon, he always ran by the place as fast as he could. he could hardly have told what he was afraid of, but he must have connected the gravestones with ghosts.

his superstitions were not all of the ghastly kind; some of them related to conduct and character. it was noted long ago how boys throw stones, for instance, at[198] a tree, and feign to themselves that this thing or that, of great import, will happen or not as they hit or miss the tree. but my boy had other fancies, which came of things he had read and half understood. in one of his school-books was a story that began, "charles was an honest boy, but robert was the name of a thief," and it went on to show how charles grew up in the respect and affection of all who knew him by forbearing to steal some oranges which their owner had set for safe-keeping at the heels of his horse, while robert was kicked at once (there was a picture that showed him holding his stomach with both hands), and afterwards came to a bad end, through attempting to take one. my boy conceived from the tale that the name of robert was necessarily associated with crime; it was long before he outgrew the prejudice; and this tale and others of a like vindictive virtuousness imbued him with such a desire to lead an upright life that he was rather a bother to his friends with his scruples. a girl at school mislaid a pencil which she thought she had lent him, and he began to have a morbid belief that he must have stolen it; he became frantic with the mere dread of guilt; he could not eat or sleep, and it was not till he went to make good the loss with a pencil which his grandfather gave him that the girl said she had found her pencil in her desk, and saved him from the despair of a self-convicted criminal. after that his father tried to teach him the need of using his reason as well as his conscience concerning himself, and not to be a little simpleton. but he was always in an anguish to restore things to their owners, like the good boys in the story-books, and he suffered pangs of the keenest remorse for the part he once took in the disposition[199] of a piece of treasure-trove. this was a brown-paper parcel which he found behind a leaning gravestone in the stone-cutter's yard, and which he could not help peeping into. it was full of raisins, and in the amaze of such a discovery he could not help telling the other boys. they flocked round and swooped down upon the parcel like birds of prey, and left not a raisin behind. in vain he implored them not to stain their souls with this misdeed; neither the law nor the prophets availed; neither the awful shadow of the prison which he cast upon them, nor the fear of the last judgment which he invoked. they said that the raisins did not belong to anybody; that the owner had forgotten all about them; that they had just been put there by some one who never intended to come back for them. he went away sorrowing, without touching a raisin (he felt that the touch must have stricken him with death), and far heavier in soul than the hardened accomplices of his sin, of whom he believed himself the worst in having betrayed the presence of the raisins to them.

he used to talk to himself when he was little, but one day his mother said to him jokingly, "don't you know that he who talks to himself has the devil for a listener?" and after that he never dared whisper above his breath when he was alone, though his father and mother had both taught him that there was no devil but his own evil will. he shuddered when he heard a dog howling in the night, for that was a sign that somebody was going to die. if he heard a hen crow, as a hen sometimes unnaturally would, he stoned her, because it was a sign of the worst kind of luck. he believed that warts came from playing with toads, but[200] you could send them away by saying certain words over them; and he was sorry that he never had any warts, so that he could send them away, and see them go; but he never could bear to touch a toad, and so of course he could not have warts. other boys played with toads just to show that they were not afraid of having warts; but every one knew that if you killed a toad, your cow would give bloody milk. i dare say the far forefathers of the race knew this too, when they first began to herd their kine in the birthplace of the aryan peoples; and perhaps they learned then that if you killed a snake early in the day its tail would live till sundown. my boy killed every snake he could; he thought it somehow a duty; all the boys thought so; they dimly felt that they were making a just return to the serpent-tribe for the bad behavior of their ancestor in the garden of eden. once, in a corn-field near the little reservoir, the boys found on a thawing day of early spring knots and bundles of snakes writhen and twisted together, in the torpor of their long winter sleep. it was a horrible sight, that afterwards haunted my boy's dreams. he had nightmares which remained as vivid in his thoughts as anything that happened to him by day. there were no poisonous snakes in the region of the boy's town, but there were some large blacksnakes, and the boys said that if a blacksnake got the chance he would run up your leg, and tie himself round your body so that you could not breathe. nobody had ever seen a blacksnake do it, and nobody had ever seen a hoop-snake, but the boys believed there was such a snake, and that he would take his tail in his mouth, when he got after a person, and roll himself along swifter than the fastest race-horse could run. he did not bite, but[201] when he came up with you he would take the point of his tail out of his mouth and strike it into you. if he struck his tail into a tree, the tree would die. my boy had seen a boy who had been chased by a hoop-snake, but he had not seen the snake, though for the matter of that the boy who had been chased by it had not seen it either; he did not stop to see it. another kind of snake that was very strange was a hair-snake. no one had ever seen it happen, but every one knew that if you put long horsehairs into a puddle of water and let them stay, they would turn into hair-snakes; and when you drank out of a spring you had to be careful not to swallow a hair-snake, or it would remain in your stomach and grow there.

when you saw a lizard, you had to keep your mouth tight shut, or else the lizard would run down your throat before you knew it. that was what all the boys said, and my boy believed it, though he had never heard of anybody that it happened to. he believed that if you gave a chicken-cock burnt brandy it could lay eggs, and that if you gave a boy burnt brandy it would stop his growing. that was the way the circus-men got their dwarfs, and the india-rubber man kept himself limber by rubbing his joints with rattlesnake oil.

a snake could charm a person, and when you saw a snake you had to kill it before it could get its eye on you or it would charm you. snakes always charmed birds; and there were mysterious powers of the air and forces of nature that a boy had to be on his guard against, just as a bird had to look out for snakes. you must not kill a granddaddy-long-legs, or a lady-bug; it was bad luck. my boy believed, or was afraid he believed, that[202]

"what you dream monday morning before daylight

will come true before saturday night,"

but if it was something bad, you could keep it from coming true by not telling your dream till you had eaten breakfast. he governed his little, foolish, frightened life not only by the maxims he had learned out of his "gesta romanorum," but by common sayings of all sorts, such as

"see a pin and leave it lay

you'll have bad luck all the day,"

and if ever he tried to rebel against this slavery, and went by a pin in the path, his fears tormented him till he came back and picked it up. he would not put on his left stocking first, for that was bad luck; but besides these superstitions, which were common to all the boys, he invented superstitions of his own, with which he made his life a burden. he did not know why, but he would not step upon the cracks between the paving-stones, and some days he had to touch every tree or post along the sidewalk, as doctor johnson did in his time, though the boy had never heard of doctor johnson then.

while he was yet a very little fellow, he had the distorted, mistaken piety of childhood. he had an abject terror of dying, but it seemed to him that if a person could die right in the centre isle of the church—the methodist church where his mother used to go before she became finally a new churchwoman—the chances of that person's going straight to heaven would be so uncommonly good that he need have very little anxiety about it. he asked his mother if she did not think so too, holding by her hand as they came out of church together, and he noticed the sort of gravity and[203] even pain with which she and his father received this revelation of his darkling mind. they tried to teach him what they thought of such things; but though their doctrine caught his fancy and flattered his love of singularity, he was not proof against the crude superstitions of his mates. he thought for a time that there was a bad man, but this belief gave way when he heard his father laughing about a certain clergyman who believed in a personal devil.

the boys said the world was going to be burned up some time, and my boy expected the end with his full share of the trouble that it must bring to every sinner. his fears were heightened by the fact that his grandfather believed this end was very near at hand, and was prepared for the second coming of christ at any moment. those were the days when the minds of many were stirred by this fear or hope; the believers had their ascension robes ready, and some gave away their earthly goods so as not to be cumbered with anything in their heavenward flight. at home, my boy heard his father jest at the crazy notion, and make fun of the believers; but abroad, among the boys, he took the tint of the prevailing gloom. one awful morning at school, it suddenly became so dark that the scholars could not see to study their lessons, and then the boys knew that the end of the world was coming. there were no clouds, as for a coming storm, but the air was blackened almost to the dusk of night; the school was dismissed, and my boy went home to find the candles lighted, and a strange gloom and silence on everything outside. he remembered entering into this awful time, but he no more remembered coming out of it than if the earth had really passed away in fire and smoke.[204]

he early heard of forebodings and presentiments, and he tried hard against his will to have them, because he was so afraid of having them. for the same reason he did his best, or his worst, to fall into a trance, in which he should know everything that was going on about him, all the preparations for his funeral, all the sorrow and lamentation, but should be unable to move or speak, and only be saved at the last moment by some one putting a mirror to his lips and finding a little blur of mist on it. sometimes when he was beginning to try to write things and to imagine characters, if he imagined a character's dying, then he became afraid he was that character, and was going to die.

once, he woke up in the night and found the full moon shining into his room in a very strange and phantasmal way, and washing the floor with its pale light, and somehow it came into his mind that he was going to die when he was sixteen years old. he could then only have been nine or ten, but the perverse fear sank deep into his soul, and became an increasing torture till he passed his sixteenth birthday and entered upon the year in which he had appointed himself to die. the agony was then too great for him to bear alone any longer, and with shame he confessed his doom to his father. "why," his father said, "you are in your seventeenth year now. it is too late for you to die at sixteen," and all the long-gathering load of misery dropped from the boy's soul, and he lived till his seventeenth birthday and beyond it without further trouble. if he had known that he would be in his seventeenth year as soon as he was sixteen, he might have arranged his presentiment differently.